ArticleThe Journal of experimental medicine2024
The protozoan commensal Tritrichomonas musculis is a natural adjuvant for mucosal IgA.
Article in The Journal of experimental medicine, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed.
- Parasites and allergies: a complex bidirectional relationship from evolutionary origins to modern therapeutics.Antonie van Leeuwenhoek · 2026Review
- Harnessing mucosal immunity for protective vaccines.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2026Review
- Article
- Resident microbes shape host immunity and protect against pathogen infection and inflammatory disease.Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS · 2026Review
- A mouse protozoan boosts antigen-specific mucosal IgA responses in a specific lipid metabolism- and signaling-dependent manner.Nature communications · 2024Article
- Commensal protist Tritrichomonas musculus exhibits a dynamic life cycle that induces extensive remodeling of the gut microbiota.The ISME journal · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
17 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Immunoglobulin (Ig) A supports mucosal immune homeostasis and host-microbiota interactions. While commensal bacteria are known for their ability to promote IgA, the role of non-bacterial commensal microbes in the induction of IgA remains elusive. Here, we demonstrate that permanent colonization with the protozoan commensal Tritrichomonas musculis (T.mu) promotes T cell-dependent, IgA class-switch recombination, and intestinal accumulation of IgA-secreting plasma cells (PC). T.mu colonization specifically drives the expansion of T follicular helper cells and a unique ICOS+ non-Tfh cell population, accompanied by an increase in germinal center B cells. Blockade of ICOS:ICOSL co-stimulation or MHCII-expression on B cells is central for the induction of IgA following colonization by T.mu, implicating a previously underappreciated mode of IgA induction following protozoan commensal colonization. Finally, T.mu further improves the induction of IgA-secreting PC specific to orally ingested antigens and their peripheral dissemination, identifying T.mu as a "natural adjuvant" for IgA. Collectively, these findings propose a protozoa-driven mode of IgA induction to support intestinal immune homeostasis.
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Registered trials
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