ArticleNature. Mental health2024
Disentangling sex differences in PTSD risk factors.
Article in Nature. Mental health, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- A meta-analysis on gender differences in prevalence estimates of mental disorders following exposure to natural hazards.European journal of psychotraumatology · 2025Pooled it
- A whole-brain voxel-based analysis of structural abnormalities in PTSD: An ENIGMA-PGC study.European psychiatry : the journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists · 2025Pooled it
- Personalized fMRI-Guided TMS Targeting the Threat Neurocircuitry in PTSD: A Randomized Clinical Trial.The American journal of psychiatry · 2026Trial
- Hormonal mechanisms of women's risk in the face of traumatic stress.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Trial
- Advancing models of PTSD-AUD comorbidity: protocol for a multimethod framework using genetics and ecological momentary assessment.European journal of psychotraumatology · 2026Article
- Harnessing the power of FAIR data to advance sex/gender insights in psychotraumatology.European journal of psychotraumatology · 2026Review
- Psychological Scars and Physical Consequences: Linking PTSD to Cardiovascular Health.Journal of cardiovascular translational research · 2026Review
- Silent Scars: Distinguishing the Psychiatric Morbidities Following Burn Injuries Between Males and Females.Journal of burn care & research : official publication of the American Burn Association · 2026Article
- Systemic inflammation and metabolic syndrome components in threshold/subthreshold posttraumatic stress disorder and food addiction in a Polish community sample.European journal of psychotraumatology · 2025Article
- Gender differences in early posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms: a network analysis.European journal of psychotraumatology · 2025Article
- Development and external validation of a short prognostic screening instrument for PTSD one year following individual civilian trauma.European journal of psychotraumatology · 2025Article
- Integrating a trauma recovery center into an urban hospital setting serving multiply marginalized patients in the Southeastern United States.BMC health services research · 2025Article
- Pharmacological Enhancement of Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis Improves Behavioral Pattern Separation in Young and Aged Male Mice.Biological psychiatry global open science · 2025Article
- Epigenetic modifications and transgenerational inheritance in women victims of violence (EWVV).Environmental epigenetics · 2025Review
- Age- and Sex-Based Developmental Biomarkers in Eye Movements.Brain sciences · 2024Article
- Towards accurate screening and prevention for PTSD (2-ASAP): protocol of a longitudinal prospective cohort study.BMC psychiatry · 2024Article
- Conceptualizing disparities and differences in the psychobiology of traumatic stress.Journal of traumatic stress · 2024Review
- Sex-dependent differences in vulnerability to early risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder: results from the AURORA study.Psychological medicine · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
38 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Despite extensive research on sex/gender differences in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), underlying mechanisms are still not fully understood. Here we present a systematic overview of three sex/gender-related risk pathways. We assessed 16 risk factors as well as 3-month PTSD severity in a prospective cohort study (n=2924) of acutely traumatized individuals and investigated potential mediators in the pathway between sex assigned at birth and PTSD severity using multiple mediation analysis with regularization. Six risk factors were more prevalent/severe in women, and none were more pronounced in men. Analyses showed that acute stress disorder, neuroticism, lifetime sexual assault exposure, anxiety sensitivity, and pre-trauma anxiety symptoms fully mediated and uniquely contributed to the relationship between sex assigned at birth and PTSD severity. Our results demonstrate different risk mechanisms for women and men. Such knowledge can inform targeted interventions. Our systematic approach to differential risk pathways can be transferred to other mental disorders to guide sex- and gender-sensitive mental health research.
Identifiers
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.