ArticleInfection2025
Sex-dependent variability of isoniazid and rifampicin serum levels in patients with tuberculosis.
Article in Infection, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Sex disparities in tuberculosis outcomes: evidence from a multicenter Italian cohort (Italian South TB Network (ISTB-Net).Infection · 2026Article
- Sex as a Biological Variable in Tuberculosis Pathogenesis.Immunological reviews · 2026Review
- The role of cytochrome bcNature communications · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionDrug-sensitive TB (DS-TB) is treated with isoniazid, rifampicin, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide. Factors like fast-metabolizing enzymes, malabsorption, and drug interactions can influence serum drug levels. Current TB treatment guidelines recommend weight-adapted dosing without considering sex differences. This study examines drug levels of isoniazid and rifampicin in TB patients treated between 2019 and 2023 at our center focusing on sex-specific aspects.
methodsPatients diagnosed with TB and available serum levels of isoniazid or rifampicin between 2019 and 2023 were retrospectively identified. Serum levels were measured using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and high-performance liquid chromatography. Patients were stratified by sex and a linear regression mixed effect model was used to assess predictors for different serum levels.
resultsThe study included 281 single therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) measurements from 59 patients (28 women, 47.5%). For isoniazid, no sex-specific differences in serum drug levels were identified. On the other hand, female sex was a significant predictor of higher rifampicin plasma levels (coefficient 4.16, 95% CI 0.74-7.59, p = 0.009). Only 38.2% of rifampicin serum level measurements in male patients were within target range, the majority (40/68, 58.8%) were below range and only 2 (2.9%) TDM-levels were above range. Women displayed higher overall rifampicin serum levels than men (median 13.7 mg/l vs. 7.1 mg/l, p = 0.04), although weight adjusted doses were not significantly different (median 10.0 mg/kg vs. 9.8 mg/kg p = 0.56). Adverse effects were noted in 42.9% (42/98) of measurements in women and 29.5% (54/183) of measurements in men (p = 0.03). DISCUSSION: Rifampicin levels were significantly lower in men compared to women, despite weight-adjusted dosing. Clinicians should consider TDM and potential sex differences when treating patients with TB.
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