Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39528627›Full record

ArticleNature materials2025

Aluminium surface work hardening enables multi-scale 3D lithography.

Lang Wang, Hangtong Li, Chen Zhao, Liqiang Zhang, Jiye Li, Salah Ud Din, Zichen Wang, Jiacheng Sun, Sergio Andres Galindo Torres, Zhiyong Fan and 1 more

Abstract read
PubMed Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Nature materials, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
12citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

12 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Mechanism of Direct Acoustic Construction and Gradient Properties Tuning.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026
    Article
  2. Article
  3. Article
  4. Article
  5. Article
  6. Self-cleaning hierarchical thermal cloak.Nature communications · 2026
    Article
  7. Article
  8. Article
  9. Revealing Dynamic Ion Transport in Tailorable Carbon Nano-Skyscraper Electrodes.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025
    Article
  10. Article
  11. Review
  12. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

11 authors.

Lang WangSchool of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
Hangtong LiKey Laboratory of Coastal Environment and Resources of Zhejiang Province (KLaCER), School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0002-2657-4603
Chen ZhaoResearch Centre for Industries of the Future (RCIF), School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China.
Liqiang ZhangResearch Centre for Industries of the Future (RCIF), School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China.
Jiye LiResearch Centre for Industries of the Future (RCIF), School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China.
Salah Ud DinResearch Centre for Industries of the Future (RCIF), School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China.
Zichen WangResearch Centre for Industries of the Future (RCIF), School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China.
Jiacheng SunResearch Centre for Industries of the Future (RCIF), School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5289-3451
Sergio Andres Galindo TorresKey Laboratory of Coastal Environment and Resources of Zhejiang Province (KLaCER), School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China.
Zhiyong FanDepartment of Electronic & Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5397-0129
Liaoyong WenResearch Centre for Industries of the Future (RCIF), School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China. wenliaoyong@westlake.edu.cn.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3185-575X

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Multi-scale structures are ubiquitous in biological systems. However, manufacturing man-made structures with controllable features spanning multiple length scales, particularly down to nanoscale features, is very challenging, which seriously impacts their collective properties. Here we introduce an aluminium-based three-dimensional lithography that combines sequential nano-micro-macro-imprinting and anodization of multi-scale anodic aluminium oxide templates to manufacture well-defined multi-scale structures, using various materials. The high-fidelity nano-patterns and micro-patterns were facilitated by the surface work hardening phenomenon, where the nano-patterns can be further fine-tailored by anodization to have high-aspect-ratio and tunable nano-holes. Based on the aluminium-based three-dimensional lithography, multi-scale materials across length scales of at least 10

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.