ArticleNature communications2024
Crystallinity of covalent organic frameworks controls immune responses.
Article in Nature communications, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Metabolic activation using fructose-1,6-bisphosphate microparticles of non-virally LNP-generated CAR-macrophages induces anti-tumor immune responses.Journal of materials chemistry. B · 2026Article
- Nanoadjuvant-integrated organic biomaterials for immune engineering: Mechanisms, design strategies, and translational applications.Materials today. Bio · 2026Review
- Exponentially Decreasing Antigen Release Reduces Inflammatory Markers in an Antigen-Specific Manner.Journal of biomedical materials research. Part A · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
20 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Biomaterials can act as pro- or anti-inflammatory agents. However, effects of biomaterials crystallinity on immune responses are poorly understood. We demonstrate that the adjuvant-like behaviour of covalent organic framework (COF) biomaterial is dependent on its crystallinity. COF crystallinity is inversely correlated with the activation of mouse and human dendritic cells (DC), but with antigen presentation by mouse DCs only. Amorphous COFs upregulates NFkB, TNF, and RIG-I signalling pathways, as well as the chemotaxis-associated gene Unc5c, when compared to crystalline COFs. Meanwhile, Unc5c inhibition disrupts the correlation between crystallinity and DC activation. Furthermore, COFs with the lowest crystallinity admixed with chicken ovalbumin (OVA) antigen prevent OVA-expressing B16F10 tumour growth in 60% of mice, with this protection associated with the induction of antigen-specific, pro-inflammatory T cell. The lowest crystalline COFs admixed with TRP2 antigen can also prevent non-immunogenic YUMM1.1 tumour growth in 50% of mice. These findings demonstrate that the crystallinity of biomaterials is an important aspect to consider when designing immunotherapy for pro- or anti-inflammatory applications.
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Registered trials
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