ReviewACS biomaterials science & engineering2024
Treatment of Bone Defects and Nonunion via Novel Delivery Mechanisms, Growth Factors, and Stem Cells: A Review.
Review in ACS biomaterials science & engineering, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed.
- A bioprinted periosteum organoid enables functional repair of critical-sized bone defects.Bioactive materials · 2026Article
- DPHD fromACS omega · 2026Article
- Protein-Encoding Chemically Modified mRNAs for Musculoskeletal Tissue Regeneration and Repair.Journal of functional biomaterials · 2026Review
- Spatial multi-omics decoding of the fracture nonunion niche: from immune-vascular-skeletal crosstalk to precision regeneration.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Review
- Recent Advancements in Non-surgical Approaches for the Management of Delayed Union and Nonunion in Long Bone Fractures of the Extremities: A Review.Advances in therapy · 2026Review
- LINC00482 targets miR-877-3p to modulate osteogenic differentiation in fracture patients.Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research · 2025Article
- Biomimetic Silk Fibroin Scaffolds Functionalized with Hydroxyapatite and Platelet Growth Factors for Bone Tissue Engineering.Biomimetics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- From signaling pathways to clinical trials: mesenchymal stem cells as multimodal regenerative architects in liver cirrhosis therapy.Stem cell research & therapy · 2025Review
- LncRNA NR2F1-AS1 is involved in osteogenic differentiation in fracture healing via miR-423-5p.Cytotechnology · 2025Article
- An evaluation of novel AMP2-coated electrospun composite scaffolds for intraoral bone regeneration: a proof-of-conceptFrontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2025Article
- Role of beta-blockers in fracture healing and nonunion risk in tibial and femoral fractures: A retrospective cohort study using real-world data.Science progressArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Bone nonunion following a fracture represents a significant global healthcare challenge, with an overall incidence ranging between 2 and 10% of all fractures. The management of nonunion is not only financially prohibitive but often necessitates invasive surgical interventions. This comprehensive manuscript aims to provide an extensive review of the published literature involving growth factors, stem cells, and novel delivery mechanisms for the treatment of fracture nonunion. Key growth factors involved in bone healing have been extensively studied, including bone morphogenic protein (BMP), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and platelet-derived growth factor. This review includes both preclinical and clinical studies that evaluated the role of growth factors in acute and chronic nonunion. Overall, these studies revealed promising bridging and fracture union rates but also elucidated complications such as heterotopic ossification and inferior mechanical properties associated with chronic nonunion. Stem cells, particularly mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), are an extensively studied topic in the treatment of nonunion. A literature search identified articles that demonstrated improved healing responses, osteogenic capacity, and vascularization of fractures due to the presence of MSCs. Furthermore, this review addresses novel mechanisms and materials being researched to deliver these growth factors and stem cells to nonunion sites, including natural/synthetic polymers and bioceramics. The specific mechanisms explored in this review include BMP-induced osteoblast differentiation, VEGF-mediated angiogenesis, and the role of MSCs in multilineage differentiation and paracrine signaling. While these therapeutic modalities exhibit substantial preclinical promise in treating fracture nonunion, there remains a need for further research, particularly in chronic nonunion and large animal models. This paper seeks to identify such translational hurdles which must be addressed in order to progress the aforementioned treatments from the lab to the clinical setting.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.