ArticleOncoimmunology2024
Markers of tumor-associated macrophages and microglia exhibit high intratumoral heterogeneity in human glioblastoma tissue.
Article in Oncoimmunology, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed.
- Spatial Omics in High-Grade Gliomas: Mapping Immune-Tumor Niches for Precision Therapy.Cancer medicine · 2026Review
- M2-polarized tumor-associated macrophages as key orchestrators of gastric cancer pathogenesis and therapeutic resistance.Discover oncology · 2026Review
- Exercise-associated microRNA programs as candidate modulators and biomarkers in glioblastoma: a narrative review.Discover oncology · 2026Review
- A transcriptome-defined TAM-rich phenotype identifies a macrophage-enriched, hypoxia-linked immune contexture in glioblastoma: multi-cohort transcriptomic validation and local histopathological correlation.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Metformin modulates the phenotypes of tumor-associated macrophages in glioblastoma in a context-dependent manner by promoting the homeostasis of macrophages.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Article
- Macrophage-based therapeutic strategies in glioblastoma: advancements in drug delivery and immunotherapy.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Review
- Spatiotemporal and metabolic heterogeneity of tumor-associated macrophages in glioblastoma: from single-cell insights to therapeutic targeting.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2026Review
- Spatial-reprogramming derived GPNMBGenome medicine · 2025Article
- Kynurenine facilitates renal cell carcinoma progression by suppressing M2 macrophage pyroptosis through inhibition of CASP1 cleavage.Open life sciences · 2025Article
- In the diffuse large B-cell lymphoma microenvironment, autophagy genes are upregulated in pro-inflammatory macrophages and linked toFrontiers in immunology · 2025Article
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8 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundHuman glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a highly aggressive tumor with insufficient therapies available. Especially, novel concepts of immune therapies fail due to a complex immunosuppressive microenvironment, high mutational rates, and inter-patient variations. The intratumoral heterogeneity is currently not sufficiently investigated.
methodsBiopsies from six different locations were taken in a cohort of 16 GBM patients who underwent surgery. The tissue slides were analyzed utilizing high-content imaging microscopy and algorithm-based image quantification. Several immune markers for macrophage and microglia subpopulations were investigated. Flow cytometry was used to validate key results. Besides the surface marker, cytokines were measured and categorized based on their heterogenicity and overall expression.
resultsM2-like antigens, including CD204, CD163, Arg1, and CSF1R, showed comparatively higher expression, with GFAP displaying the least intratumoral heterogeneity. In contrast, anti-tumor-macrophage-like antigens, such as PSGL-1, CD16, CD68, and MHC-II, exhibited low overall expression and concurrent high intratumoral heterogeneity. CD16 and PSGL-1 were the most heterogeneous antigens. High expression levels were observed for cytokines IL-6, VEGF, and CCL-2. VILIP-a was revealed to differentiate most in principle component analysis. Cytokines with the lowest overall expression, such as TGF-β1, β-NGF, TNF-α, and TREM1, showed low intratumoral heterogeneity, in contrast to βNGF, TNF-α, and IL-18, which displayed high heterogeneity despite low expression.
conclusionThe study showed high intratumoral heterogeneity in GBM, emphasizing the need for a more detailed understanding of the tumor microenvironment. The described findings could be essential for future personalized treatment strategies and the implementation of reliable diagnostics in GBM.
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