ReviewAnnals of oncology : official journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology2025
Estrogens and breast cancer.
Review in Annals of oncology : official journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 49 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
49 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Sex Hormones in Psoriatic Disease: A Systematic Review.American journal of clinical dermatology · 2026Pooled it
- Pharmacotherapy, acupoint stimulation, and psychotherapy for perimenopausal women with anxiety, depression, and panic disorder: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Pooled it
- The effect of hormone replacement therapy on cervical cancer risk in perimenopausal women: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.Frontiers in oncology · 2025Pooled it
- In vivo CRISPR screening links NFKB1 to endocrine resistance in ER+ breast cancer.Endocrine-related cancer · 2026Article
- Sensitive detection of unopposed estrogen using estrogen receptor functionalized nanoprobes for cancer diagnosis.Discover nano · 2026Review
- Dyslipidemias associated with endocrine disorders: a position statement of the working group of the nutrition hormones and metabolism club of the italian society of endocrinology (SIE).Journal of endocrinological investigation · 2026Review
- Integrated computational and in vitro investigation to explore the preliminary anti-proliferative and anti-mitotic potential of γ-oryzanol against breast cancer.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2026Article
- Molecular effects of ovarian stimulation for fertility preservation in breast cancer: a paired-biopsy analysis.ESMO open · 2026Article
- Nutrition Across the Life Course and Risk of Young-Onset Breast Cancer: Mechanisms, Evidence, and Prevention Opportunities.Nutrients · 2026Review
- Women's health across the reproductive lifespan in women with germline TP53 pathogenic variants: a clinical perspective.The oncologist · 2026Review
- Association of cumulative lifetime estrogen exposure and reproductive factors with breast cancer molecular subtype among Nigerian women in the MEND study.Breast cancer research and treatment · 2026Article
- Review
- Global burden of breast cancer and its association with red meat consumption: spatiotemporal trends, projections, and triangulation of evidence.World journal of surgical oncology · 2026Article
- Isorhamnetin-preconditioned MSC-derived exosomes restore ovarian function by inhibiting ferroptosis in chemotherapy-induced POF.Stem cell research & therapy · 2026Article
- TTPAL inhibits the progression of breast cancer and reprograms tumor-associated macrophages by inhibiting JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway.Breast cancer research : BCR · 2026Article
- Hormone Therapy After Oophorectomy and Breast Cancer Risk in Women With BRCA Pathogenic Variant.JAMA network open · 2026Article
- Cuproptosis-inducing photothermal nanotherapy coupled with ECM destabilization drives potent tumor regression and immune reawakening.Materials today. Bio · 2026Article
- A concept for a new approach to combined oral contraception from adolescence to perimenopause: Continuous use of the oral GnRH antagonist Relugolix and the fetal estrogen Estetrol.Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica · 2026Article
- Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory Protein in Breast Cancer: Mechanistic Insights into Pathogenesis and Therapeutics.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Insulin-like growth factor 1 as a key paracrine mediator in mesenchymal stem cell-based intervention for ovarian ageing: a review.Journal of ovarian research · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Estrogens have been associated with an increase in breast cancer risk. Yet emerging clinical and experimental evidence points to progestogens [endogenous progesterone or synthetic progesterone (progestin)] as the primary hormonal driver underlying seemingly estrogen-associated breast cancer risk. Estrogens may contribute to breast cancer risk indirectly by induction of the progesterone receptor and thus amplifying progesterone signaling. Large studies of hormonal contraceptives suggest that the small increase in breast cancer risk from hormonal contraceptives is mainly attributable to progestins, not estrogens. Estrogen-plus-progestin hormone replacement therapy (HRT) has consistently shown an increase in breast cancer risk among postmenopausal women, whereas estrogen-alone HRT has little impact on breast cancer risk in naturally or surgically menopausal women. In particular, the long-term follow-up of the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) randomized trials suggests a benefit of estrogen alone. Recent data further indicate that endogenously elevated estrogen during assisted reproductive technology (ART) exhibits little adverse effect on or potentially a reduction in breast cancer risk and recurrence. Also, accumulating evidence suggests that inhibition of progesterone signaling is a critical mechanism underlying the risk-reducing and therapeutic effects of antiestrogens. Estrogen HRT has shown an array of proven benefits, including ameliorating menopausal symptoms and improving bone health. Collective evidence thus suggests that estrogen HRT is likely to offer health benefits to perimenopausal or postmenopausal women, including breast cancer survivors, as well as young BRCA1/2 carriers with prophylactic oophorectomy for ovarian cancer prevention.
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Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.