ArticleNutrients2024
Immunostimulation Signaling via Toll-like Receptor 2 Activation: A Molecular Mechanism of
Article in Nutrients, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed.
- Immunomodulatory Effects of Bifidobacterium bifidum BGN4 in Cyclophosphamide-induced Immunosuppressed Mice via Activation of NK Cells and Macrophages.Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins · 2026Article
- Evidence for bidirectional gut-spleen crosstalk in rodent models: scoping review of possible mechanisms and therapeutic implications.Journal of applied biomedicine · 2026Review
- Functional Foods and Health Promotion.Nutrients · 2026Article
- Immunoenhancing Effect of Lactobacillus Kefiranofaciens ZW18 Postbiotic On Cyclophosphamide-induced Immunosuppressed Mice.Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins · 2026Article
- Anti-Gingivitis and Anti-Osteoclastogenesis Effects of Ethanol Extract fromJournal of microbiology and biotechnology · 2026Article
- EngineeredFrontiers in immunology · 2026Article
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Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
Abstract
introductionThe immune system's defense against pathogens involves innate and adaptive responses, crucial in maintaining overall health. Immunosuppressed states render individuals more susceptible to potential diseases, indicating the need for effective strategies to bolster immune functions.
objectivesAlthough the immunostimulatory effects of various probiotics have been studied, the specific effects and molecular mechanisms of
methodsTo assess the macrophage activation ability and underlying mechanisms of OTG1204, RAW 264.7 cells were utilized with transfection, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and quantitative real-time PCR analyses. Furthermore, to evaluate the immunostimulatory effects under immunosuppressed conditions, CTX-induced immunosuppression mice model was employed, and analyses were performed using hematoxylin and eosin staining, flow cytometry, and microbiota examination.
resultsOTG1204 activated RAW 264.7 macrophages, leading to increased production of nitric oxide, prostaglandin E2, and cytokines. This immune activation was mediated through the upregulation of toll-like receptor 2, which subsequently activated the nuclear factor-κB (NF-kB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/activator protein 1 (AP-1) pathways, thereby stimulating the immune response. In CTX-treated mice, OTG1204 recovered body weight, spleen, and mesenteric lymph node indices, and natural killer cell activity. It re-established populations of innate and adaptive immune cells and activated T cells to secrete cytokines. We also examined the gut barrier integrity and microbiota composition to assess OTG1204's impact on intestinal health, as these factors play a significant role in immune enhancement. OTG1204 enhanced gut barrier integrity by upregulating mucin 2 and tight junction proteins and modulated the gut microbiota by restoring the
conclusionThese results suggest that OTG1204 may serve as an effective probiotic for immune enhancement and gut health management by targeting the NF-κB and MAPK/AP-1 pathways, with minimal side effects.
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