MEMS and ECM Sensor Technologies for Cardiorespiratory Sound Monitoring-A Comprehensive Review.

Yasaman Torabi, Shahram Shirani, James P Reilly, Gail M Gauvreau

Abstract readReview

In one paragraph

Review in Sensors (Basel, Switzerland), 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it

0cells of the map it votes in

1citing papers in PubMed

–field-weighted citation impact

1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

Usefulness of lung sound data collection using Skeeper SM-300® device: A pilot study.PloS one · 2026
Article

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors.

Yasaman TorabiElectrical and Computer Engineering Department, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L7, Canada.ORCID 0009-0009-5553-1654

Shahram ShiraniElectrical and Computer Engineering Department, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L7, Canada.

James P ReillyElectrical and Computer Engineering Department, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L7, Canada.

Gail M GauvreauDivision of Respirology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L7, Canada.ORCID 0000-0002-6187-2385

Funding

National Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) CRDPJ 543659 - 19Toronto Micro Electronics Inc CRDPJ 543659 - 19

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

This paper presents a comprehensive review of cardiorespiratory auscultation sensing devices (i.e., stethoscopes), which is useful for understanding the theoretical aspects and practical design notes. In this paper, we first introduce the acoustic properties of the heart and lungs, as well as a brief history of stethoscope evolution. Then, we discuss the basic concept of electret condenser microphones (ECMs) and a stethoscope based on them. Then, we discuss the microelectromechanical systems (MEMSs) technology, particularly focusing on piezoelectric transducer sensors. This paper comprehensively reviews sensing technologies for cardiorespiratory auscultation, emphasizing MEMS-based wearable designs in the past decade. To our knowledge, this is the first paper to summarize ECM and MEMS applications for heart and lung sound analysis.

Indexed as

Micro-Electrical-Mechanical SystemsStethoscopesAuscultationHeart SoundsHumansMonitoring, PhysiologicRespiratory SoundsWearable Electronic Devicescardiorespiratory auscultationelectret condenser microphone (ECM)heart soundlung soundmicroelectromechanical systems (MEMSs)phonocardiography (PCG)wearable sensing devices

Identifiers

PMID39517931

DOI10.3390/s24217036

PMCPMC11548498

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.