ArticleJournal of intensive care2024
Long-term health outcomes of COVID-19 in ICU- and non-ICU-treated patients up to 2 years after hospitalization: a longitudinal cohort study (CO-FLOW).
Article in Journal of intensive care, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Health-related quality of life in COVID-19 patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of EQ-5D studies.Health and quality of life outcomes · 2025Pooled it
- Symptom Trajectories and Clinical Subtypes in Post-COVID-19 Condition: Systematic Review and Clustering Analysis.JMIR public health and surveillance · 2025Pooled it
- Effectiveness of comprehensive rehabilitation for functional recovery and symptom reduction in long COVID: results from a six‑month randomised controlled trial.Scientific reports · 2026Trial
- Post-Acute Sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC) in Hospitalized and Ambulatory Patients: A Comparative Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Post-COVID-19 physical and mental quality of life: a latent profile analysis and predictive factors.Quality of life research : an international journal of quality of life aspects of treatment, care and rehabilitation · 2026Article
- Pulmonary sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection: a narrative review of long-term functional, radiological, and clinical outcomes in COVID-19 survivors, with a regional focus on Saudi Arabia.Frontiers in physiology · 2026Review
- Three-year functional, physical, and mental health outcomes after critical COVID-19: A prospective multicentre cohort study.PloS one · 2026Article
- Long-term multidimensional health status of individuals with and without post COVID-19 condition: A cross-sectional study.PloS one · 2026Article
- Barriers to Mobility in the ICU: Insights from Severe COVID-19 and Implications for Improving Patient Outcomes.Archives of rehabilitation research and clinical translation · 2025Article
- Trajectories of device-assessed physical activity and sleep in ICU- and non-ICU-treated patients up to 2 years after hospitalization for COVID-19, and their association with health-related quality of life.Quality of life research : an international journal of quality of life aspects of treatment, care and rehabilitation · 2025Article
- Twelve-Month Health-Related Quality of Life Recovery Following COVID-19 Hospitalization: A Prospective Cohort Study from Lithuania.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2025Article
- Health outcomes up to 3 years and post-exertional malaise in patients after hospitalization for COVID-19: a multicentre prospective cohort study (CO-FLOW).The Lancet regional health. Europe · 2025Article
- Corticosteroids and long-term pulmonary function after critical illness due to COVID-19- a single-center cohort study.BMC pulmonary medicine · 2025Observational
- Effects of Long COVID in Patients with Severe Coronavirus Disease 2019 on Long-Term Functional Impairments: A Post Hoc Analysis Focusing on Patients Admitted to the ICU in the COVID-19 Recovery Study II.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Intrinsic factors behind long COVID: exploring the role of nucleocapsid protein in thrombosis.PeerJ · 2025Review
- Exploring the link trend in the field of coronaviruses and cognitive impairment: A bibliometric analysis based on bibliometrix.Brain circulationArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundMany patients hospitalized for COVID-19 experience long-term health problems, but comprehensive longitudinal data up to 2 years remain limited. We aimed to (1) assess 2-year trajectories of health outcomes, including comparison between intensive care unit (ICU) treated and non-ICU-treated patients, and (2) identify risk factors for prominent health problems post-hospitalization for COVID-19.
methodsThe CO-FLOW multicenter prospective cohort study followed adults hospitalized for COVID-19 at 3, 6, 12, and 24 months post-discharge. Measurements included patient-reported outcomes (a.o., recovery, symptoms, fatigue, mental health, sleep quality, return to work, health-related quality of life [HRQoL]), and objective cognitive and physical tests. Additionally, routine follow-up data were collected.
results650 patients (median age 60.0 [IQR 53.0-67.0] years; 449/650 [69%] male) surviving hospitalization for COVID-19 were included, of whom 273/650 (42%) received ICU treatment. Overall, outcomes improved over time. Nonetheless, 73% (322/443) of patients had not completely recovered from COVID-19, with memory problems (274/443; 55%), concentration problems (259/443; 52%), and dyspnea (251/493; 51%) among most frequently reported symptoms at 2 years. Moreover, 61% (259/427) had poor sleep quality, 51% (222/433) fatigue, 23% (102/438) cognitive failures, and 30% (65/216) did not fully return to work. Objective outcome measures showed generally good physical recovery. Most outcomes were comparable between ICU- and non-ICU-treated patients at 2 years. However, ICU-treated patients tended to show slower recovery in neurocognitive symptoms, mental health outcomes, and resuming work than non-ICU-treated patients, while showing more improvements in physical outcomes. Particularly, female sex and/or pre-existing pulmonary disease were major risk factors for poorer outcomes.
conclusions73% (322/443) of patients had not completely recovered from COVID-19 by 2 years. Despite good physical recovery, long-term neurocognitive complaints, dyspnea, fatigue, and impaired sleep quality persisted. ICU-treated patients showed slower recovery in neurocognitive and mental health outcomes and resumption of work. Tailoring long-term COVID-19 aftercare to individual residual needs is essential. Follow-up is required to monitor further recovery.
trial registrationNL8710, registration date 12-06-2020.
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