ArticleBMC pregnancy and childbirth2024
Neighborhood socioeconomic status and postpartum depression among commercial health insurance enrollees: a retrospective cohort study.
Article in BMC pregnancy and childbirth, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Socioeconomic Status and Postpartum Depression Risk After the Dobbs v Jackson Women's Health Organization Decision, Based on State Trigger Laws.JAMA network open · 2026Article
- Associations Between Self-Esteem and Postpartum Depression and Anxiety: A Cross-Sectional Study Using the Rosenberg Scale in Romanian Women.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundPostpartum depression (PPD) is a prevalent psychological condition. Although the effect of obstetrical and maternal complications on PPD are well described, the impact of neighborhood socioeconomic status (SES) on PPD is relatively unexplored.
objectivesThis study examined the relationship between neighborhood SES score and PPD.
methodsA summary SES measure for each U.S. zip code was constructed using income, education, and occupational 2021 Census data and linked to national commercial claims for 2017-2023. PPD status using diagnosis codes at outpatient and inpatient visits, and prescription drug use 3, 6, 9, and 12 months postpartum, were determined. Multivariate analysis controlled for potential confounders.
resultsPPD prevalence in commercial claims was 11.48%. Patients with PPD had higher rates of obstetrical (OR: 1.555, p < .0001) and maternal complications (OR: 1.145, p < .0001), and more lifestyle risk factors (OR: 1.113, p < .0001). Comorbidity scores were higher for patients with PPD. Controlling for age and clinical factors, living in a disadvantaged neighborhood was associated with an increased incidence of PPD (OR: 1.137, p < .0001). LIMITATIONS: Claims data may include potential inaccurate coding of diagnoses/procedures. Clinical information is limited to conditions and treatments defined by ICD-10-CM codes. Area-based SES measures inevitably misclassify people on both ends of the socioeconomic spectrum (this misclassification is random; direction of bias is known).
conclusionsThe inverse and significant effect of area-based high SES on PPD rates demonstrates that preventive efforts may require interventions focusing on both the patient and the lived environment.
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