Forecasting extremes of football players' performance in matches.

This study evaluates the use of simple linear or piecewise linear predictive models to predict extreme performance metrics in soccer matches, based on historical training and to match data of soccer players from RKS Raków Częstochowa football club. The data were collected from January to June 2023. The collected training and matched data average is 9000 records per month. A standard workweek at the RKS Academy consisted of 5 training units and at least 1 match. The best individual models found predict selected game performance metrics with a relative error of 2.3%, suggesting an excellent model fit between prediction and the actual value. This is illustrated by input data metric called "Metabolic Time Zone 5 and 6 Per Distance", and output data by "Decelarations Total Distance in Zone 5 and 6 Per Distance"-calculated for in 3 min sliding window and characterized by the highest value of the generated parameter based on High Metabolic Load Distance (HMLD). The result concerns models run on aggregated performance metrics developed in APEX-PRO system using expert knowledge in soccer training, while raw GPS location-based models performing worse but still acceptably. Although we believe that the accuracy of the models still has limited reliability, their clarity and up-to-date quality make them useful in the daily planning of training activities and the management of workloads that affect player performance in the upcoming match, as well as the tactical decisions of the coach. More accurate predictions are given by individual models compared to aggregated models (player position), but there are exceptions where group models also perform very well. Adding a second metric to the input did not show a significant difference in the analyzed examples (the results are very similar). Our findings indicate that the model based on metrics from the last match also effectively predict extreme motor performances occurring in the game. In the case of the analyzed player, it was at the input "Accelerations Total Time Per Distance in Zone 6" at the output "Distance in Zone 6". Specific training or match parameters can be key in predicting exceptional soccer performance, but they can also vary depending on the analyzed player. This confirms the need for further analysis of this issue.