Trial reportJournal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics2025
Water First School Water Promotion and Access Intervention: A Cost Analysis Study.
Trial report in Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Correlation Between the Mineral Contents of Drinking Water and Dental Caries in Mangalore: A Cross-Sectional Study.International journal of dentistry · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundAdequate water intake is associated with improved cognitive and physical performance, prevention of dental caries, and overweight and obesity. However, access to free drinking water in schools remains inadequate. Water First, a school-based intervention promoting water consumption, was shown effective in preventing overweight, yet its costs have not been quantified.
objectiveTo evaluate the costs of Water First from the school's perspective over 1 academic year.
designSecondary analysis of a cluster-randomized clinical trial assessing the cost of Water First. PARTICIPANTS AND
settingSix public schools in the San Francisco Bay Area during the 2018-2019 academic year, with an average of 578 ± 69 students per school and 110 ± 2 fourth-grade students in intervention schools, and 508 ± 190 students per school and 101 ± 5 fourth-grade students in control schools.
interventionSchools were randomized to receive water dispensers and stations in cafeterias and high-traffic areas and a schoolwide water promotion campaign (school-level intervention). Fourth-grade students and teachers received reusable water bottles, lessons, and materials for school and home (class-level intervention).
main outcome measuresActivities, resources, and the value needed to implement the school-level and classroom-level intervention were systematically captured over 1 academic year, including labor, materials, and utilities costs. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: The intervention costs per school and per student were estimated by summing the component-specific costs. Results are presented for both school-level and classroom-level interventions in 2023 US dollars.
resultsThe Water First intervention costs $20 per student for the school-level and $131 per student for the classroom-level intervention over 1 academic year. Accounting for the useful life of the installed water stations and dispensers beyond 1 year, the annualized cost of the school-level intervention was $11 per student.
conclusionsThese cost estimates provide useful insights for schools and stakeholders to plan and implement effective school-based interventions that promote access to drinking water.
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Registered trials
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