ArticleFrontiers in psychiatry2024
Psychiatric comorbidities of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder in Japan: a nationwide population-based study.
Article in Frontiers in psychiatry, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.
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10 citing papers in PubMed.
- Classification of neurodevelopmental disorders and typical development using deep learning and a portable patch-type electroencephalography device.Neuroimage. Reports · 2026Article
- Suicide attempt risk among patients receiving methylphenidate: a retrospective cohort study.Psychopharmacology · 2026Article
- Mining and Mapping 25 Years of Medication Use in Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services: Contact-Level Descriptive Analysis of Electronic Health Records.JMIR medical informatics · 2026Article
- Prescribing medications for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children: a retrospective analysis of a Japanese health insurance claims database.BMC psychiatry · 2026Article
- Socioeconomic burden of adult attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder in Japan: a nationwide cross-sectional observational study.BMC psychiatry · 2026Observational
- ADHD in Adulthood: Clinical Presentation, Comorbidities, and Treatment Perspectives.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Rising cognitive behavioral therapy claims among Japanese youth despite population decline: A retrospective study using the National Database of Health Insurance Claims (FY 20142022).Global health & medicine · 2025Article
- Regional disparities in Japanese children's mental health profession shortage areas.PCN reports : psychiatry and clinical neurosciences · 2025Review
- Does the Japanese insurance system increase outpatient psychiatric treatment for children and adolescents? A retrospective study using open data from the national claims database for 2016 to 2022.PCN reports : psychiatry and clinical neurosciences · 2025Article
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Abstract
Introduction: This study aimed to estimate prevalence and incidence of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and comorbid relationships between ADHD and other psychiatric disorders in Japan. Methods: Using the real-world JMDC Claims Database, we conducted a cross-sectional study (analysis years 2017-2021) and retrospective cohort study (observation 2 years before/after the initial ADHD diagnosis; data collection 2005-2021; enrollment 2017-2019). Patients were male or female, aged 0-57 years. Cross-sectional study patients had an ADHD or other psychiatric disorder diagnosis (with or without medication) and were continuously registered in each analysis year; retrospective study patients had an ADHD diagnosis and ≥2 years' observation before and after diagnosis. Endpoints were annual prevalence and incidence of ADHD in Japan, prevalence and risk ratio of each psychiatric comorbidity in patients with ADHD, prevalence and risk ratios of ADHD in patients with each psychiatric comorbidity, and prevalence of psychiatric disorders before/after the initial ADHD diagnosis. Results: ADHD prevalence in children/adolescents and adults increased each year from 2017 to 2021. Prevalence in boys was 3.5-4.1 times higher than in girls. Prevalence in adults was lower than in children/adolescents, with a small sex difference. ADHD was highly comorbid with various psychiatric disorders. In 2019, the most common comorbidity in children/adolescents with ADHD was autism spectrum disorder (ASD; 54.4%); in adults, it was mood disorders (60.9%). ADHD prevalence in patients with various psychiatric disorders was higher than in the control population. ADHD prevalence was highest in patients with oppositional defiance disorder among both children/adolescents and adults (77.2% and 69.2%, respectively). In the retrospective cohort study (N = 14,940), the most common psychiatric disorders diagnosed prior to ADHD diagnosis were ASD in children/adolescents (33.9% of patients), and mood disorders and sleep disorders in adults (36.9% and 23.8% of patients, respectively). Discussion: ADHD was comorbid with various psychiatric disorders in Japan. In children and adolescents with ADHD, ASD was often diagnosed prior to ADHD. Psychiatric disorders, especially mood disorders and sleep disorders, were frequently diagnosed prior to the initial ADHD diagnosis in adults. The likelihood of comorbid ADHD should be considered when diagnosing adult patients with psychiatric disorders.
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