ReviewNature reviews. Immunology2024
The danger theory of immunity revisited.
Review in Nature reviews. Immunology, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 29 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed.
- Glycation and receptors: coming of AGE in the midst of danger.Nature reviews. Endocrinology · 2026Review
- Igniting antitumour immunity with cancer cell pyroptosis.Nature reviews. Cancer · 2026Review
- DAMPs, PAMPs, and Alarmins: From Mechanism to Therapy.MedComm · 2026Review
- Hallmarks of the multidimensional immune response to trauma in humans.Nature immunology · 2026Review
- Structural and molecular principles of DAMP biology.Nature structural & molecular biology · 2026Review
- Periodontitis and Endotoxemia: Clinical and Microbiological Insights.Journal of clinical periodontology · 2026Article
- DEA hypothesis: disinhibition, enhancing recognition, and alerting the host are the three pillars of effective cancer immunotherapy.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2026Review
- Ultrasound-responsive biomimetic nanocarrier triggers spatiotemporal PROTAC release and ROS storm to disrupt TNBC immunosuppression via coordinated apoptosis/ferroptosis/senescence activation.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2026Article
- Macrophage metabolic exhaustion and PANoptotic cell death drive chronic tissue inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis.Immunity · 2026Article
- Review
- Pyroptosis: Turning Up the Heat on Cancer.Annual review of immunology · 2026Review
- The Role and Safety of Aluminum Adjuvants in Childhood Vaccines.Pediatrics · 2026Review
- Periprosthetic joint infection as failure of containment: A causal and probabilistic framework.Journal of orthopaedic translation · 2026Article
- Immunobiological mechanisms of action of oncolytic peptides.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2026Review
- Intratumoral microbiome: the double-edged sword in remodeling cancer immunotherapy.Molecular cancer · 2026Review
- Peripheral nerve injury reduces macrophage efferocytosis to facilitate neuropathic pain.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- Microbiota and mycobiota in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy: clinical and pathophysiological correlations.Frontiers in molecular neuroscience · 2026Article
- Multidimensional regulatory mechanisms of chicken immunity: focus on viral infection, intestinal microbiota and heat stress.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2026Review
- Innate immunity in tumour immunoediting and immunosurveillance.The EMBO journal · 2026Review
- The Prospects of Palmitylethanolamide in Tumor Prevention and Treatment.Journal of inflammation research · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The danger theory of immunity, introduced by Polly Matzinger in 1994, posits that tissue stress, damage or infection has a decisive role in determining immune responses. Since then, a growing body of evidence has supported the idea that the capacity to elicit cognate immune responses (immunogenicity) relies on the combination of antigenicity (the ability to be recognized by T cell receptors or antibodies) and adjuvanticity (additional signals arising owing to tissue damage). Here, we discuss the molecular foundations of the danger theory while focusing on immunologically relevant damage-associated molecular patterns, microorganism-associated molecular patterns, and neuroendocrine stress-associated immunomodulatory molecules, as well as on their receptors. We critically evaluate patient-relevant evidence, examining how cancer cells and pathogenic viruses suppress damage-associated molecular patterns to evade immune recognition, how intestinal dysbiosis can reduce immunostimulatory microorganism-associated molecular patterns and compromise immune responses, and which hereditary immune defects support the validity of the danger theory. Furthermore, we incorporate the danger hypothesis into a close-to-fail-safe hierarchy of immunological tolerance mechanisms that also involve the clonal deletion and inactivation of immune cells.
Indexed as
Identifiers
39511426What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.