ArticleCancer medicine2024
Pan-Cancer Survival Impact of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in a National Healthcare System.
Article in Cancer medicine, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed.
- Spatial Transcriptomics Reveals a T Cell-Mediated Microglial Activation Axis of Immune Checkpoint Inhibition-Related Adverse Events in the Brain.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Physical Exercise in Immunotherapy.Sports medicine - open · 2026Review
- Article
- Risk factors for immune checkpoint inhibitor colitis: a retrospective multi-center cohort study using electronic health records.Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII · 2026Article
- DisseminatedBMJ case reports · 2026Article
- Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor-Associated Myocarditis: Risk, Diagnosis, and Clinical Impact.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- Characterization of a Potential Therapeutic Anti-Canine PD-1 Single Domain Antibody Produced in Yeast.Veterinary sciences · 2025Article
- Real world pharmacovigilance study of antineoplastic drug related vitiligo risks.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- An Extremely Rare Case of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors-Related Hypoparathyroidism and a Critical Literature Review.JCEM case reports · 2025Article
- Targeting FAK to Potentiate Immune Checkpoint Therapy in Solid Tumors.Journal of cancer immunology · 2025Article
- Relationship between single-nucleotide polymorphisms and cancer immunotherapy efficacy and toxicity: a systematic review.Frontiers in oncology · 2025Review
- Normal adrenocorticotropic hormone levels do not exclude adrenal insufficiency during immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy: evidence from clinical, steroid, and structural analyses.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
17 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe cumulative, health system-wide survival benefit of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) is unclear, particularly among real-world patients with limited life expectancies and among subgroups poorly represented on clinical trials. We sought to determine the health system-wide survival impact of ICIs.
methodsWe identified all patients receiving PD-1/PD-L1 or CTLA-4 inhibitors from 2010 to 2023 in the national Veterans Health Administration (VHA) system (ICI cohort) and all patients who received non-ICI systemic therapy in the years before ICI approval (historical control). ICI and historical control cohorts were matched on multiple cancer-related prognostic factors, comorbidities, and demographics. The effect of ICI on overall survival was quantified with Cox regression incorporating matching weights. Cumulative life-years gained system-wide were calculated from the difference in adjusted 5-year restricted mean survival times.
resultsThere were 27,322 patients in the ICI cohort and 69,801 patients in the historical control cohort. Among ICI patients, the most common cancer types were NSCLC (46%) and melanoma (10%). ICI demonstrated a large OS benefit in most cancer types with heterogeneity across cancer types (NSCLC: adjusted HR [aHR] 0.56, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.54-0.58, p < 0.001; urothelial: aHR 0.91, 95% CI 0.83-1.01, p = 0.066). The relative benefit of ICI was stable across patient age, comorbidity, and self-reported race subgroups. Across VHA, 15,859 life-years gained were attributable to ICI within 5-years of treatment, with NSCLC contributing the most life-years gained.
conclusionWe demonstrated substantial increase in survival due to ICIs across a national health system, including in patient subgroups poorly represented on clinical trials.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.