Dysgraphia and Memory: Insights into the Cognitive Mechanisms, Neural Correlates, and Intervention Strategies.

Studies regarding dysgraphia, an impairment in writing, have been receiving more attention in recent research. Most studies have broadly discussed the multiple cognitive mechanisms involved in writing and its disruption leading to dysgraphia. However, little attention has been paid to the involvement of different memory systems integral to writing and its disruption in individuals with dysgraphia. Orthographic long-term memory and orthographic working memory are the two memory systems predominantly involved in the production of written expressions, and the subsequent interruption of these memory systems often leads to varied deficit profiles of dysgraphia. These disruptions have resulted from damage in the brain caused by neural injuries, neurological disorders, or epigenetic factors. The existing studies did not probe into the nuances of the disruptions of these two memory systems in dysgraphia and associated neural pathways. In order to fill this gap, the review attempts to provide a comprehensive account of dysgraphia and its association with orthographic long-term memory and orthographic working memory by comparing and contrasting their workings and patterns of disruption in the deficit profiles of dysgraphia by probing into the underlying neural correlates. Such a detailed account brings insights into pertinent intervention strategies for improving memory systems and dysgraphia. It also helps identify the limitations of the existing intervention methods like CART, ACT, or Spell-Study-Spell, leading to the proposal of improvised neuro-targeted interventions for dysgraphia.