ArticleClinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America2025
Global Trends in CD4 Count Measurement and Distribution at First Antiretroviral Treatment Initiation.
Article in Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Diagnostic accuracy of the WHO clinical staging system for detection of immunologically defined advanced HIV disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis.HIV medicine · 2026Pooled it
- High prevalence of baseline Non-R5 viral tropism in PLWH is associated with immune damage: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Pooled it
- VOGUE: Noninferior Efficacy of Dolutegravir/Lamivudine Versus Bictegravir/Emtricitabine/Tenofovir Alafenamide in Adults With HIV-1 Naive to Treatment.Open forum infectious diseases · 2026Trial
- A cluster randomized trial of Visitect CD4 Advanced Disease platform among outpatients with advanced HIV disease in Uganda.Journal of the International AIDS Society · 2026Trial
- Task shifting of point-of-care testing to lay health workers in rural primary health facilities in Nsanje, Malawi.Global health action · 2026Article
- Documenting HIV service delivery and adoption of evidence-based practices in HIV care programs: A protocol for a cross-sectional survey of HIV clinics participating in the International epidemiology Databases to Evaluate AIDS (IeDEA).medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Sex Differences in Advanced HIV Disease at Presentation in Care Among People Living With HIV in Latin America and the Caribbean.Journal of the International AIDS Society · 2026Article
- Clinical Outcomes of Tenofovir, Lamivudine, and Dolutegravir in Treatment-Naïve versus Treatment-Experienced HIV Patients: A Single-Center Retrospective Cohort Study in Indonesia.Infection & chemotherapy · 2026Article
- Bacterial fecal microbiome composition associated with HIV stage among rural and peri-urban adults living with HIV in Uganda.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Accuracy and Acceptability of the VISITECT CD4 Advanced Disease Test Compared With the PIMA CD4 Test at the Point of Care as Part of the Advanced HIV Disease Care Package: A Mixed-Methods Study.Open forum infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Diagnostic accuracy and practicability of the VISITECTAIDS research and therapy · 2026Article
- Immune reconstitution efficacy and associated risk factors for immunological non-response in people living with HIV during long-term antiretroviral therapy: a single-center retrospective cohort study at a tertiary care hospital in China.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Decreasing Adult Prevalence of Advanced HIV Disease From 2 Population-Based HIV Impact Assessments in Eswatini, Lesotho, Malawi, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe, 2015-2023.Open forum infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Article
- Social and Structural Interventions to Reduce Strikingly High Post-Hospital Mortality for People Living with HIV in Sub-Saharan Africa.Current HIV/AIDS reports · 2025Review
- Clinical impact and cost-effectiveness of the WHO-recommended advanced HIV disease package of care.The Lancet. Global health · 2025Article
- Global Trends in CD4 Measurement and Immunosuppression at ART Initiation Among Children With HIV.The Pediatric infectious disease journal · 2025Article
- Global prevalence of advanced HIV disease in healthcare settings: a rapid review.Journal of the International AIDS Society · 2025Review
- Advanced HIV disease during the first six months on antiretroviral therapy in Zambia: research protocol for a prospective, observational, multi-cohort study.Gates open research · 2025Article
- Drivers of disengagement from care during the first six months on antiretroviral therapy for HIV in South Africa: A mixed-methods study.PLOS global public health · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
31 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundWhile people with human immunodeficiency virus (PWH) start antiretroviral treatment (ART) regardless of CD4 count, CD4 measurement remains crucial for detecting advanced human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease and evaluating ART programs. We explored CD4 measurement (proportion of PWH with a CD4 result available) and prevalence of CD4 <200 cells/µL (hereafter "CD4 <200") at ART initiation within the International epidemiology Databases to Evaluate AIDS (IeDEA) global collaboration.
methodsWe included PWH at participating ART programs who first initiated ART at age 15-80 years during 2005-2019. We described proportions of PWH with a CD4 result (measured within 6 months before to 2 weeks after ART initiation) and, among those with a CD4 result, with CD4 <200, by year of ART initiation and region.
resultsWe included 1 355 104 PWH from 42 countries in 7 regions; 63% were female. The median (interquartile range) age at ART initiation was 37 (3144) years in males and 32 (26-39) years in females. CD4 measurement initially increased, or remained stable over time until around 2013, but then declined to low levels in some regions (Southern Africa, except South Africa: from 54% to 13%; East Africa: 85% to 31%; Central Africa: 72% to 20%; West Africa: 91% to 53%; and Latin America: 87% to 56%). Prevalence of CD4 <200 declined over time in all regions, but plateaued after 2015 at ≥30%.
conclusionsCD4 measurement has declined sharply in recent years, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. Among those with a CD4 measurement, the prevalence of CD4 <200 remains concerningly high. Scaling up CD4 testing and securing adequate funding are urgent priorities.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.