Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39501473›Full record

ArticleMedicine and science in sports and exercise2025

Progesterone and Estradiol Levels Associated with Concussion and Clinical Outcomes and Recovery in Female Athletes and Cadets.

Bryna D Goeckner, Daniel L Huber, Kearnin VAN Bortel, Jessica M Gill, Rebekah Mannix, Christina L Master, Benjamin L Brett, Paul F Pasquina, Steven P Broglio, Thomas W McAllister and 4 more

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In one paragraph

Article in Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
4citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

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Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

4 citing papers in PubMed.

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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

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5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

14 authors.

Bryna D GoecknerDepartment of Biophysics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI.ORCID 0000-0002-1541-9002
Daniel L HuberDepartment of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI.
Kearnin VAN BortelDepartment of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI.
Jessica M Gill
Rebekah Mannix
Christina L Master
Benjamin L Brett
Paul F PasquinaDepartment of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD.
Steven P BroglioMichigan Concussion Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.
Thomas W McAllisterDepartment of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN.
Jaroslaw HarezlakDepartment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health-Bloomington, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN.
Michael A McCrea
Timothy B Meier
CARE CONSORTIUM INVESTIGATORS

Funding

Peripheral inflammatory biomarkers for acute concussion: An extension of the Concussion Assessment, Research and Education Consortium StudyR21NS118169 · NINDS · MEDICAL COLLEGE OF WISCONSIN · PI MEIER, TIMOTHY B. · 2020 to 2020
$444k
NINDS NIH HHS R21 NS118169
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

introductionFemale athletes are underrepresented in concussion research, and few studies have investigated associations of ovarian hormones with concussion outcomes. This study explored associations of concussion with levels and variability of progesterone, estradiol, and their ratio (P/E) and examined relationships of hormone levels with clinical measures and recovery after concussion in CARE Consortium female athletes and cadets.

methodsFemale participants enrolled ( n = 749) at pre-injury baseline. Participants with concussion (mean age, 19.34 yr; n = 130, 90 athletes, 40 nonathlete cadets) completed one or more visits at nonstandardized times of day: immediately post-injury, 24 h post-injury, upon initiating the return-to-play protocol (Init RTP), and 7 d following unrestricted return-to-play (PRTP). Controls (mean age, 19.85 yr; n = 67, 61 athletes, 6 nonathlete cadets) completed similar visits. Linear mixed models and general linear models tested associations of hormone levels and/or variation with concussion status, symptoms, and recovery, controlling for self-reported birth control use at pre-injury baseline.

resultsFemale participants with concussion had higher progesterone levels relative to controls on average across all visits (mean difference (MD; ln ng·mL -1 ) (standard error) = 0.26 (0.08), t (193) = 3.03, P = 0.003). Those with concussion had elevated estradiol at 24 h (MD = 0.27 (0.09), t (506) = 3.04, P = 0.02), Init RTP (MD = 0.38 (0.09), t (508) = 4.29, P < 0.001), and PRTP (MD = 0.30 (0.09), t (515) = 3.25, P = 0.01) relative to pre-injury baseline and compared with controls at Init RTP (MD = 0.35 (0.12), t (429) = 2.78, P = 0.006). Concussed participants had a lower range of estradiol over 7-28 d than controls ( B (SE) = -0.24 (0.09), F (1,145) = 6.43, P = 0.01). Acutely after concussion, estradiol was positively associated with Brief Symptom Inventory Global Severity Index scores ( B (SE) = 0.29 (0.12), F (1,102) = 5.60, P = 0.02). No significant relationships were found between hormones and recovery.

conclusionsThese results, which warrant further research, suggest that ovarian hormones may be associated with concussion and psychological symptom severity post-concussion.

Indexed as

Athletic InjuriesBrain ConcussionEstradiolProgesteroneAdolescentAdultFemaleHumansRecovery of FunctionReturn to SportYoung AdultEstradiolProgesterone

Identifiers

PMID39501473
PMCPMC11828682

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.