ArticleJournal of general internal medicine2025
Association Between Medical Debt and Vaccine Uptake in the USA, 2021-2022.
Article in Journal of general internal medicine, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- The Association between Medical Debt and Food Insecurity among United States Families with Children.The Journal of pediatrics · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundMany individuals do not receive recommended vaccines, increasing infectious disease morbidity and mortality. It is unknown whether the financial practices of US healthcare institutions contribute to vaccine hesitancy.
objectiveTo determine whether medical debt is associated with low vaccine uptake.
designCross-sectional analysis of the association between medical debt and vaccine receipt. SUBJECTS: 56,373 adult participants in the 2021-2022 National Health Interview Survey.
interventionsPresence of medical debt at the time of survey administration. MAIN MEASURES: We used logistic regression models to assess whether medical debt was associated with recent vaccine receipt, adjusting for sociodemographic, health, and access-to-care variables. We performed a sensitivity analysis restricted to individuals with health insurance and conducted a falsification test of the hypothesis that current medical debt would not be associated with remote prior vaccination (i.e., > 1 year prior, likely before debt acquisition). KEY
resultsIndividuals with medical debt were less likely than those without such debt to receive any recent vaccine (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 0.83, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.76-0.91), including influenza vaccination (aOR 0.83, 95% CI 0.75-0.91) or COVID-19 vaccination (aOR 0.79, 95% CI 0.69-0.91). Analyses limited to insured individuals had similar findings (aOR for any recent vaccination 0.79, 95% CI 0.72-0.88). In the falsification test, current medical debt was not associated with remote prior vaccination (aOR 1.04, 95% CI 0.93-1.16).
conclusionsCurrent medical debt is associated with lower likelihood of recent vaccine receipt in both insured and uninsured individuals. Policies that minimize medical debt may improve vaccine coverage.
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Registered trials
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