ArticleBrain, behavior, and immunity2025
A microglia-containing cerebral organoid model to study early life immune challenges.
Article in Brain, behavior, and immunity, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed.
- Immunoids: Building immunocompetent organoids from human pluripotent stem cells.Cell stem cell · 2026Review
- Human iPSC-Derived Brain Organoids: A Disease-Oriented Evaluation of Modeling Fidelity.The European journal of neuroscience · 2026Review
- Advances and applications of brain organoids in central nervous system disorders: Bridging the gap from laboratory to clinic.Neural regeneration research · 2026Article
- Engineering brain organoids: from neurodevelopmental modeling to translational barriers.Journal of artificial organs : the official journal of the Japanese Society for Artificial Organs · 2026Review
- Modeling Prenatal Immune Activation in Human Brain Organoids Uncovers IL-6-Dependent Interneuron Dysmaturation.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Nonlinear dose-response of umbilical cord blood IL-6 to severe brain injury in preterm infants: a prospective cohort study.Pediatric research · 2026Article
- Gut-Brain Inflammation and Disrupted Homeostasis Due to Activation of Mast Cells and Microglia.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Organoid-Immune Co-Cultures: A Next-Generation approach to disease modeling.Molecular biology reports · 2026Review
- Chimeric brain models to study human glial-neuronal and macroglial-microglial interactions.Cell reports · 2026Article
- Modeling Alzheimer's disease with brain organoids: mechanisms, applications, and future directions.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2026Review
- Integrated protocol for concurrent generation of microglial and neuronal cells in human cerebral organoids.BMC methods · 2026Article
- Developmental stage-dependent neurotoxicity of sevoflurane: evidence from brain organoids.Frontiers in cellular neuroscience · 2026Review
- A cell line-derived, immune-competent neurospheroid model to study neuroinflammation and human brain disorders.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- The Endocannabinoid-Microbiota-Neuroimmune Super-System: A Unifying Feedback Architecture for Systems Resilience, Collapse Trajectories, and Precision Feedback Medicine.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Cerebral Organoids with Integrated Endothelial Networks Emulate the Neurovascular Unit and Mitigate Core Necrosis.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Article
- Review
- Generation of vascularized retinal organoids containing microglia based on a PDMS microwell platform.Science advances · 2025Article
- Generation of Neural Organoids and Their Application in Disease Modeling and Regenerative Medicine.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Review
- The Application and Challenges of Brain Organoids in Exploring the Mechanism of Arbovirus Infection.Microorganisms · 2025Review
- Microglia determine an immune-challenged environment and facilitate ibuprofen action in human retinal organoids.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
- Update of
Authors and funding
17 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Prenatal infections and activation of the maternal immune system have been proposed to contribute to causing neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs), chronic conditions often linked to brain abnormalities. Microglia are the resident immune cells of the brain and play a key role in neurodevelopment. Disruption of microglial functions can lead to brain abnormalities and increase the risk of developing NDDs. How the maternal as well as the fetal immune system affect human neurodevelopment and contribute to NDDs remains unclear. An important reason for this knowledge gap is the fact that the impact of exposure to prenatal risk factors has been challenging to study in the human context. Here, we characterized a model of cerebral organoids (CO) with integrated microglia (COiMg). These organoids express typical microglial markers and respond to inflammatory stimuli. The presence of microglia influences cerebral organoid development, including cell density and neural differentiation, and regulates the expression of several ciliated and mesenchymal cell markers. Moreover, COiMg and organoids without microglia show similar but also distinct responses to inflammatory stimuli. Additionally, IFN-γ induced significant transcriptional and structural changes in the cerebral organoids, that appear to be regulated by the presence of microglia. Specifically, interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) was found to alter the expression of genes linked to autism. This model provides a valuable tool to study how inflammatory perturbations and microglial presence affect neurodevelopmental processes.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.