Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39499364›Full record

ArticleAnnals of biomedical engineering2026

Mechanical Characterization of Non-degraded Porcine Annulus Fibrosus Material Properties.

Jack Seifert, Dennis Maiman, Lance L Frazer, Alok Shah, Narayan Yoganandan, Keith King, James B Sheehy, Glenn Paskoff, Timothy Bentley, Daniel P Nicolella and 1 more

Abstract read
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Article in Annals of biomedical engineering, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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0citing papers in PubMed
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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

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Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

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0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

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5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

11 authors.

Jack SeifertMarquette University, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
Dennis MaimanMedical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
Lance L FrazerSouthwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA.
Alok ShahMedical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
Narayan YoganandanMedical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
Keith KingNaval Air Warfare Center Aircraft Division (NAWCAD), Patuxent River, MD, USA.
James B SheehyNaval Air Warfare Center Aircraft Division (NAWCAD), Patuxent River, MD, USA.
Glenn PaskoffNaval Air Warfare Center Aircraft Division (NAWCAD), Patuxent River, MD, USA.
Timothy BentleyOffice of Naval Research (ONR), Arlington, VA, USA.
Daniel P NicolellaSouthwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA.
Brian D StemperMarquette University, Milwaukee, WI, USA. bstemper@mcw.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4986-8527

Funding

Office of Naval Research W81XWH1590001
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

purposePorcine cervical spines are commonly used as a surrogate for human lumbar spines due to their similar anatomic and mechanical characteristics. Despite their use in spinal biomechanics research, porcine annulus fibrosus (AF) yield and ultimate properties have not been fully evaluated. This study sought to provide a novel dataset of elastic, yield, and ultimate properties of the porcine AF loaded in the circumferential direction.

methodsAF specimens were dissected from porcine cervical spines (C3/C4-C6/C7) oriented in the circumferential direction. Specimens were uniformly hydrated before being quasi-statically distracted to failure. Linear modulus, yield stress and strain, ultimate stress and strain, and ultimate strain energy density were calculated. Differences between spinal levels, circumferential regions, and radial regions were identified using multifactor ANOVA tests.

resultsAF specimens showed a regionally dependent response between outer and inner radial regions, but not between spinal level and circumferential region. The outer region was significantly stronger and stiffer than the inner regions. In both outer and inner tissue, mechanical yield occurred at approximately 80% of their ultimate properties.

conclusionThis study generated a novel dataset of elastic, yield, and ultimate properties of the porcine AF. The data can be used in future research that requires a robust database of healthy, non-degenerated AF mechanical properties, such as the development of future finite-element models.

Indexed as

Annulus FibrosusCervical VertebraeAnimalsBiomechanical PhenomenaStress, MechanicalSwineIntervertebral discLumbar spineMechanical yieldUltimate failure

Identifiers

PMID39499364

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.