Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39489282›Full record

ArticleInternational journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases2025

Autoantibodies directed against interferon alpha, nuclear antigens, cardiolipin, and beta 2 glycoprotein 1 are not induced by SARS-CoV-2 or associated with long COVID.

Adam Epstein-Shuman, Joanne H Hunt, Patrizio Caturegli, Patrick Winguth, Reinaldo E Fernandez, Gracie M Rozek, Xianming Zhu, Nicholas A DiRico, Armaan Jamal, Yu-Hsiang Hsieh and 5 more

Abstract read
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In one paragraph

Article in International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

15 authors.

Adam Epstein-ShumanLaboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
Joanne H HuntLaboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
Patrizio CaturegliDepartment of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Patrick WinguthDepartment of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Reinaldo E FernandezDepartment of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Gracie M RozekDepartment of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Xianming ZhuDepartment of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Nicholas A DiRicoLaboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
Armaan JamalDepartment of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Yu-Hsiang HsiehDepartment of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Yukari C ManabeDepartment of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Andrew D ReddLaboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
Steven J ReynoldsLaboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Rakai Health Sciences Program, Kalisizo, Uganda.
Annukka A R AntarDepartment of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Oliver LaeyendeckerLaboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA. Electronic address: olaeyen1@jhmi.edu.

Funding

The HIV Latent Reservoir, Suboptimal Immune Response on Antiretroviral Therapy, and Exogenous Cytokine TherapiesK08AI143391 · NIAID · JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY · PI ANTAR, ANNUKKA AIDA ROSE · 2019 to 2023
$994k
Intramural NIH HHS Z99 AI999999NIAID NIH HHS K08 AI143391
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

introductionAutoantibodies (AAbs) directed against interferon alpha (aIFNα), nuclear antigens (ANAs), anti-cardiolipin (aCL), and anti-beta 2 glycoprotein 1 (aβ2GP1), have been demonstrated to significantly correlate with the severity of acute Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, whether severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection induces these AAbs and whether they are associated with long COVID remains unclear.

methodsThe potential induction of aIFNα, ANAs, aCL, and aβ2GP1 by SARS-CoV-2 was assessed by measuring these AAbs in 224 pre- and post-infection paired serum samples from the Johns Hopkins Hospital Emergency Department (JHHED). The relationship between these AAbs and long COVID was assessed using 60 serum samples from participants in the Outpatient SARS-CoV-2 Mild and Asymptomatic Infection Response and Transmission study.

resultsWe found no evidence that these AAbs were induced in the JHHED cohort and no significant difference in their prevalence between patients with (n = 30) and without (n = 30) long COVID in the OutSMART cohort.

conclusionThese findings do not support the hypotheses that SARS-CoV-2 induces these AAbs or that they are related to long COVID.

Indexed as

Autoantibodiesbeta 2-Glycoprotein ICOVID-19Interferon-alphaSARS-CoV-2AdultAgedCardiolipinsFemaleHumansMaleMiddle AgedPost-Acute COVID-19 SyndromeAutoantibodiesbeta 2-Glycoprotein ICardiolipinsInterferon-alphaAutoantibodiesCOVID-19Long COVIDSARS-CoV-2

Identifiers

PMID39489282
PMCPMC12326661

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.