Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39488868›Full record

ArticleThe International journal on drug policy2024

A place-based spatial analysis of racial inequities in overdose in St. Louis County Missouri, United States.

Phillip L Marotta, Benjamin Cb Leach, William D Hutson, Joel M Caplan, Brenna Lohmann, Charlin Hughes, Devin Banks, Stephen Roll, Yung Chun, Jason Jabbari and 7 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in The International journal on drug policy, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

17 authors.

Phillip L MarottaWashington University in St. Louis, MO, USA; Brown School, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA; Social Policy Institute, Washington University in St. Louis, MO, USA. Electronic address: phillip.marotta@wustl.edu.
Benjamin Cb LeachWashington University in St. Louis, MO, USA; Brown School, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA; University of California San Francisco, Department of Medicine, Division of Health Equity and Society, San Francisco, California, United States.
William D HutsonWashington University in St. Louis, MO, USA; Brown School, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA; School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, MO, USA.
Joel M CaplanSimsi, Inc. NJ, USA; Rutgers University School of Criminal Justice Center on Public Security Newark, NJ, USA.
Brenna LohmannSt Louis County - Circuit Attorney's Office Law Enforcement Assisted Diversion Program (LEAD) St. Louis, MO, USA.
Charlin HughesSt Louis County - Circuit Attorney's Office Law Enforcement Assisted Diversion Program (LEAD) St. Louis, MO, USA.
Devin BanksWashington University in St. Louis, MO, USA; School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, MO, USA.
Stephen RollWashington University in St. Louis, MO, USA; Brown School, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA; Social Policy Institute, Washington University in St. Louis, MO, USA.
Yung ChunWashington University in St. Louis, MO, USA; Brown School, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA; Social Policy Institute, Washington University in St. Louis, MO, USA.
Jason JabbariWashington University in St. Louis, MO, USA; Brown School, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA; Social Policy Institute, Washington University in St. Louis, MO, USA.
Rachel AnconaWashington University in St. Louis, MO, USA; School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, MO, USA; Institute for Informatics, Washington University in St. Louis, MO, USA.
Kristen MuellerWashington University in St. Louis, MO, USA; School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Emergency Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, USA.
Ben CooperWashington University in St. Louis, MO, USA; School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, MO, USA; Institute for Informatics, Washington University in St. Louis, MO, USA; Public Health Data & Training Center, Institute for Public Health Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States.
Theresa AnastiWashington University in St. Louis, MO, USA; Brown School, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA; Social Policy Institute, Washington University in St. Louis, MO, USA.
Nathaniel DellWashington University in St. Louis, MO, USA; School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, MO, USA.
Rachel WinogradDepartment of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, St. Louis, USA.
Robert HeimerDepartment of the Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases and the Center for Interdisciplinary Research on AIDS, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA.

Funding

An Integrated Geospatial and Community-based Model to Prevent Opioid Overdose among Black AmericansK08DA058080 · NIDA · WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY · PI Devin Banks · 2023 to 2026
$774k
Spreading LOV: Developing a Plan to Improve Engagement in the Life Outside Violence ProgramK23HD107520 · NICHD · WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY · PI Kristen Mueller · 2023 to 2026
$708k
NICHD NIH HHS K23 HD107520NIDA NIH HHS K08 DA058080
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectiveThe objective of this study was to identify place features associated with increased risk of drug-involved fatalities and generate a composite score measuring risk based on the combined effects of features of the built environment.

methodsWe conducted a geospatial analysis of overdose data from 2022 to 2023 provided by the St. Louis County Medical Examiner's Office to test whether drug-involved deaths were more likely to occur near 54 different place features using Risk Terrain Modeling (RTM). RTM was used to identify features of the built environment that create settings of heightened overdose risk. Risk was estimated using Relative Risk Values (RRVs) and a composite score measuring Relative Risk Scores (RRS) across the county was produced for drugs, opioids, and stimulants, as well as by Black and White decedents.

resultsIn the model including all drugs, deaths were more likely to occur in close proximity to hotels/motels (RRV=39.65, SE=0.34, t-value=10.81 p<.001), foreclosures (RRV=4.42, SE=0.12, t-value = 12.80, p<.001), police departments (RRV=3.13, SE=0.24, t-score=4.86, p<.001), and restaurants (RRV=2.33, SE=0.12, t-value=7.16, p<.001). For Black decedents, deaths were more likely to occur near foreclosures (RRV=9.01, SE=0.18, t-value =11.92, p<.001), and places of worship (RRV= 2.51, SE=0.18, t-value = 11.92, p<.001). For White decedents, deaths were more likely to occur in close proximity to hotels/motels (RRV=38.97, SE=0.39, t-value=9.30, p<.001) foreclosures (RRV=2.57, SE=0.16, t-value =5.84, p<.001), restaurants (RRV=2.52, SE=0.17, t-value=5.33, p<.001) and, auto painting/repair shops (RRV=0.04, SE=0.18, t-value =3.39, p<.001).

conclusionThese findings suggest that places of worship, the hospitality industry, and housing authorities may be physical features of the environment that reflect social conditions that are conducive to overdose. The scaling up of harm reduction strategies could be enhanced by targeting places where features are co-located.

Indexed as

Black or African AmericanDrug OverdoseSpatial AnalysisWhiteAnalgesics, OpioidBuilt EnvironmentHealth Status DisparitiesHumansMissouriAnalgesics, OpioidOpioid use disordersOverdose preventionRacial equitySpatial modelingStimulant use disorders

Identifiers

PMID39488868
PMCPMC12128610

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