ArticleSchizophrenia bulletin2026
Retina in Clinical High-Risk and First-Episode Psychosis.
Article in Schizophrenia bulletin, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed.
- Apical integration theory provides a neural basis for understanding disorganization and consciousness in the schizophrenias.Current research in neurobiology · 2026Article
- Further Evidence Is Needed to Support the Perceptual Theory of Schizophrenia.Biological psychiatry global open science · 2026Article
- The eye as a canary in the coal mine: oculomics for psychiatry.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Article
- Jumping to Conclusions in First-Episode Psychosis and Bipolar Disorder.Early intervention in psychiatry · 2026Article
- The Retinal Age Gap as a Marker of Accelerated Aging in the Early Course of Schizophrenia.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2026Article
- Retinal biomarkers in schizophrenia spectrum disorders: evidence and implications for the neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative models.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
15 authors.
Funding
Abstract
background and hypothesisAbnormalities in the retina are observed in psychotic disorders, especially in schizophrenia. STUDY
designUsing spectral-domain optical coherence tomography, we investigated structural retinal changes in relatively metabolic risk-free youth with clinical high-risk (CHR, n = 34) and first-episode psychosis (FEP, n = 30) compared with healthy controls (HCs, n = 28). STUDY
resultsTotal retinal macular thickness/volume of the right eye increased in FEP (effect sizes, Cohen's d = 0.69/0.66) and CHR (d = 0.67/0.76) compared with HCs. Total retinal thickness/volume was not significantly different between FEP and CHR. Macular retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness/volume of the left eye decreased in FEP compared with HCs (d = -0.75/-0.66). Peripapillary RNFL thickness was not different between groups. The ganglion cell (GCL), inner plexiform (IPL), and inner nuclear (INL) layers thicknesses/volumes of both eyes increased in FEP compared with HCs (d = 0.70-1.03). GCL volumes of both eyes, IPL thickness/volume of the left eye, and INL thickness/volume of both eyes increased in CHR compared with HCs (d = 0.64-1.01). In the macula, while central sector thickness/volume decreased (d = -0.62 to -0.72), superior outer (peri-foveal) sector thickness/volume of both eyes increased (d = 0.81 to 0.86) in FEP compared with HCs.
conclusionsThe current findings suggest that distinct regions and layers of the retina may be differentially impacted during the emergence and early phase of psychosis. Consequently, oculomics could play significant roles, not only as a diagnostic tool but also as a mirror reflecting neurobiological changes at axonal and cellular levels.
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