Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39485543›Full record

ArticleEuropean spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society2025

Robotic assistance for upper cervical instrumentation: report on accuracy and safety.

Kaihang Luo, Xuenong Zou, Wei Chen, Shangbin Cui, Shaoyu Liu, Liuyun Chen, Lin Zhou

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Article in European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
5citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

5 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Review
  3. 5G-Enabled remote Robotic-Assisted percutaneous pedicle screw fixation in single thoracolumbar fractures: initial clinical feasibility and safety evaluation.European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society · 2026
    Article
  4. Review
  5. Letter to the editor Regarding 'Causal relationship between basal metabolic rate and intervertebral disc degeneration: a Mendelian randomization study' by Liu Z, et al. (Eur Spine J. 2024 Jun 24. Doi: 10.1007/s00586-024-08367-7).European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society · 2024
    Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Kaihang LuoDepartment of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
Xuenong ZouDepartment of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
Wei ChenDepartment of Ophthalmology, The University of Hong Kong Sheznhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
Shangbin CuiDepartment of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China. cuishb3@mail.sysu.edu.cn.ORCID 0000-0002-2069-7891
Shaoyu LiuDepartment of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
Liuyun ChenDepartment of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
Lin ZhouDepartment of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.

Funding

National Natural Science Foundation of China 82202782
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

purposeThis study aims to evaluate the accuracy and safety of C1 lateral mass and upper cervical pedicle screw placement assisted by the TiRobot II system.

methodsTen patients who underwent cervical spine surgery assisted by the TiRobot II system were included. Screw accuracy was assessed using the Gertzbein-Robbins scale and by comparing the final screw positions with pre-planned trajectories. Deviations in screw tip, tail, and angle were recorded. Clinical data, including symptoms, surgical outcomes, and postoperative follow-up, were collected. Neurological improvement was evaluated using pre- and post-operative mJOA scores, with recovery rates calculated by Hirabayashi's method to assess outcomes 3 months after surgery.

resultsA total of 30 screws were placed in 10 patients. All screws (30/30) were within the clinically acceptable range, with 93.33% (28 screws) classified as Grade A and 6.67% (2 screws) as Grade B. In the sagittal plane, the average tip deviation was 1.82 ± 0.79 mm, tail deviation 1.64 ± 0.60 mm, and angular deviation 1.92 ± 1.39°. In the axial plane, tip deviation was 1.96 ± 0.87 mm, tail deviation 1.92 ± 0.65 mm, and angular deviation 2.01 ± 1.07°. The average surgery time was 318.80 ± 66.07 min, with a mean EBL of 205.00 ± 55.03 mL. Postoperative mJOA scores significantly improved from 8.10 ± 1.97 to 12.60 ± 1.78 (p < 0.05), with a 52 ± 14% recovery rate. All patients showed significant symptom improvement.

conclusionThe TiRobot II system demonstrates the capability to precisely execute pre-planned trajectories and improves the accuracy and safety of C1 lateral mass and upper cervical screw placement.

Indexed as

Cervical VertebraePedicle ScrewsRobotic Surgical ProceduresSpinal FusionAdultAgedFemaleHumansMaleMiddle AgedTreatment OutcomeC1 lateral mass screwPedicle screwRobot assisted surgeryTiRobotUpper cervical surgery

Identifiers

PMID39485543

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.