ArticlePsychiatry and clinical neurosciences2025
Risk of subsequent Parkinson's disease among patients with bipolar disorder or major depression: A nationwide longitudinal study in Taiwan.
Article in Psychiatry and clinical neurosciences, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Bipolar Disorder as a Long-Term Risk Factor for Parkinson's Disease: A Nationwide Case-Control Study.Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society · 2026Article
- Risk of Stroke in Patients With Schizophrenia, Bipolar Disorder, and Major Depressive Disorder: A Cohort Study of 183,504 Subjects.Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica · 2026Article
- Bipolar disorder and subsequent Parkinson's disease: a meta-analysis of cohort studies.Frontiers in neurologyReview
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9 authors.
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Abstract
aimBipolar disorder (BD) and major depression have been associated with an increased risk of developing Parkinson's disease (PD); however, few studies have directly compared the risk of PD development between patients with BD and major depression while considering relevant risk factors and psychotropic medications.
methodsUsing the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database, 21,186 patients with BD, 21,188 patients with major depression, and 42,374 controls were enrolled between 2001 and 2009, and followed until the end of 2011. Individuals who developed PD during the follow-up period were identified. Cox regression models were used to analyze the hazard ratio (HR) of developing PD, adjusting for demographic factors, comorbidities, and psychotropic medication usage.
resultsBoth patients with BD [HR 8.63, 95% confidence interval (CI) 6.35-11.72] and those with major depression (HR 5.68, 95% CI 4.15-7.78) had an elevated risk of subsequent PD compared to the controls. Patients with BD were associated with a 51% increased risk of subsequent PD compared with patients with major depression. Long-term treatment with antiepileptic mood stabilizers was associated with increased PD risk among patients with late-onset BD and high Charlson comorbidity index scores. Lithium was not associated with an increased PD risk.
conclusionsThe study highlights an elevated PD risk in patients with BD and major depression compared to the controls, with BD patients at highest risk. Further research is needed to elucidate the complex interplay between psychotropic medications and neurodegenerative processes in BD, aiming to optimize therapeutic strategies and improve patient outcomes.
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