Exploring the characteristics of conversational agents in chronic disease management interventions: A scoping review.

Objective: With the increasing global burden of chronic diseases, there is the potential for conversational agents (CAs) to assist people in actively managing their conditions. This paper reviews different types of CAs used for chronic condition management, delving into their characteristics and the chosen study designs. This paper also discusses the potential of these CAs to enhance the health and well-being of people with chronic conditions. Methods: A search was performed in February 2023 on PubMed, ACM Digital Library, Scopus, and IEEE Xplore. Studies were included if they focused on chronic disease management or prevention and if systems were evaluated on target user groups. Results: The 42 selected studies explored diverse types of CAs across 11 health conditions. Personalization varied, with 25 CAs not adapting message content, while others incorporated user characteristics and real-time context. Only 12 studies used medical records in conjunction with CAs for conditions like diabetes, mental health, cardiovascular issues, and cancer. Despite measurement method variations, the studies predominantly emphasized improved health outcomes and positive user attitudes toward CAs. Conclusions: The results underscore the need for CAs to adapt to evolving patient needs, customize interventions, and incorporate human support and medical records for more effective care. It also highlights the potential of CAs to play a more active role in helping individuals manage their conditions and notes the value of linguistic data generated during user interactions. The analysis acknowledges its limitations and encourages further research into the use and potential of CAs in disease-specific contexts.