Using Deep Learning Neural Networks to Improve Dementia Detection: Automating Coding of the Clock-Drawing Test.

Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD) is a growing public health concern. The clock-drawing test (CDT), where subjects draw a clock, typically with hands showing 11:10, has been widely used for ADRD-screening. A limitation of including CDT in large-scale studies is that the CDT requires manual coding, which could result in biases if coders interpret and implement coding rules differently. This study created and evaluated an intelligent CDT Clock Scoring system built with Deep Learning Neural Networks (DLNN) to automatically code CDT images. We used a large, publicly available repository of CDT images from the 2011-2019 National Health and Aging Trends Study (NHATS) and compared three advanced DLNN methods - ResNet101, EfficientNet and Vision Transformers (ViT) in coding CDT into binary and ordinal (0 to 5) scores. We extended beyond the traditional nominal classification approach (which does not recognize order) by introducing structured ordering into the coding system and compared DLNN-coded CDT images with manual coding. Results suggest that ViT outperforms ResNet101 and EfficientNet, as well as manual coding. The ordinal coding system has the ability to allow researchers to minimize either under- or over-estimation errors. Starting in 2022, our developed ViT-coding system has been used in NHATS' annual CDT-coding.