ArticleArchives of public health = Archives belges de sante publique2024
Community antibiotic consumption in the European Union/European economic area: late-pandemic rebound and seasonality analysis.
Article in Archives of public health = Archives belges de sante publique, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed.
- Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacterales (CRE) in Europe: Surveillance Challenges, Emerging Threats and Public Health Preparedness.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Paediatric outpatient antibiotic utilization patterns and use of healthcare services before, during and after the COVID-19 pandemic: interrupted time series analysis using data from Norway and Japan.The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy · 2026Article
- Trends in Outpatient Antibiotic Prescriptions Issued in Croatian Primary Healthcare, 2015-2024.Infectious disease reports · 2026Article
- The Global, Regional, and National Burden of Inflammatory Bowel Disease among Children and Adolescents from 1990 to 2021 and Trend Projections up to 2036.Gut and liver · 2026Article
- Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Outcomes of a Multifaceted Program on Antibiotic Prescribing in Primary Care Among Children Under Three Years of Age.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Prevalence and Patterns of Antibiotic Prescribing Among Children Aged 1-7 Years in Primary Health Care Centers in Prishtina and Ferizaj, Kosovo (2022-2025): A Retrospective Observational Study.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Antibiotic Prescription Patterns in the Post-COVID-19 Era in Six European Countries: A Cross-Sectional Study.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Trends of antibiotic use for acute upper respiratory infections in Chinese emergency departments and the impact of COVID-19: a cross-sectional study.Antimicrobial resistance and infection control · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundA rebound in antibiotic consumption has been observed in the European community at the end of the COVID-19 pandemic. Here we evaluate the extent of this increase, when it exactly occurred, and how the seasonality in antibiotic use changed during the late-pandemic period.
methodsData on community antibiotic consumption were available from the European Surveillance of Antimicrobial Consumption Network for 28 European countries between 2015 and 2022. Antibiotic consumption was expressed as defined daily doses per 1000 inhabitants per day (DID). The evolution in antibiotic use was investigated using non-linear changepoint mixed models for quarterly and yearly data.
resultsAn increase in overall antibiotic consumption was found in Europe between 2021 and 2022, mainly due to an increase in the consumption of penicillins, macrolides, lincosamides and streptogramins, and other β-lactam antibacterials. The analysis of quarterly data estimated a gradual increase in overall antibiotic consumption of 0.55 DID per quarter, as of the second quarter of 2020 and a decrease in seasonal variation of 1.64 DID between the first and second quarter of 2020. The changepoint analysis of yearly data estimated an increase of 3.33 DID in overall antibiotic consumption between 2021 and 2022.
conclusionsA gradual but significant rebound in the use of antibiotics was found in Europe, along with a decrease in its seasonal variation. The rapid rise in antibiotic consumption above pre-pandemic levels in several countries underlines the importance of continued antimicrobial stewardship.
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