ArticleAppetite2025
Evaluating text, icon, and graphic nutrition labels: An eye tracking experiment with Latino adults in the US.
Article in Appetite, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- The effectiveness of digital nudging in improving dietary quality: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials.BMC public health · 2025Pooled it
- Warning and green labels versus Nutri-Score: visual attention and product evaluation in a binational eye-tracking study.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Article
- Effects of front-of-package nutrition labels in Latine and limited English proficiency populations: A randomized trial.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is developing front-of-package nutrition labels for packaged foods. Identifying the most promising type of label among Latino adults could inform federal regulation, given high rates of diet-related disease in Latino populations. Additionally, exploring English-language label effects among populations with limited English proficiency could inform equitable label design. We examined whether text, icon, or graphic nutrition labels attract attention among Latino populations and whether label effects differed by English proficiency. In 2023, we recruited 63 adults in North Carolina identifying as Latino/a/é (hereinafter "Latino"); 48% had limited English proficiency. Participants viewed four labels on a can of soup in random order: a barcode label (control) and text, icon, and graphic labels reading, "WARNING: High in sodium." Eye trackers measured time spent viewing the label (dwell time), number of times viewing the label (fixation count), and time to first fixation on the label. A survey assessed secondary outcomes. Dwell time was highest for the graphic label (mean = 2.58 s (s)), followed by icon (mean = 2.34s), text (mean = 1.94s), and control labels (mean = .96s; p for each label vs. control <.001). The impact of label type on dwell time did not differ by English proficiency (p = .669). Fixation count was highest for the graphic label, followed by the icon, text, and control labels (p for each label vs. control <.001). Participants viewed the graphic and text labels more quickly than control (ps = .01). Self-reported attention, perceived message effectiveness, and understandability were higher for graphic, icon, and text labels than control (all p < .001 vs. control). This study suggests that front-of-package labels signaling that foods are high in nutrients of concern can attract consumers' attention, especially when the labels include images or icons.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.