ArticleJournal of Indian Association of Pediatric Surgeons
Nongenetic Risk Factors of Severe Hypospadias: A Case-Control Study.
Article in Journal of Indian Association of Pediatric Surgeons. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Genetic Susceptibility and Pathogenesis of Hypospadias.Biochemical genetics · 2026Review
- Genetic, Epigenetic, and Non-Genetic Factors in Testicular Dysgenesis Syndrome: A Narrative Review.Genes · 2025Review
- Gene-Dosage Effect of V89L Variants in Steroid 5α-Reductase Type 2 and Increased Risk of 46, XY Disorders of Sex Development: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Journal of Indian Association of Pediatric SurgeonsReview
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
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Abstract
Background: Various risk factors were contributed to hypospadias and may be varied by region and hypospadias severity. The study aims to analyze the nongenetic risk factors associated with severe hypospadias in a provincial referral hospital in West Java, Indonesia. Methods: A case-control study was conducted in hypospadias patients and boys with normal penis treated in our institution during 6-month period. Risk factors of hypospadias were compared between severe and mild hypospadias and the control group and analyzed with Chi-square/Fisher exact test and multivariate logistic regression analysis ( Results: We studied 84 subjects consist of 46 hypospadias patients (severe: 30 and mild: 16) and 38 control groups. Maternal workplace, primipara, age >35 years old, overweight, the absence of nausea, hypertension, bleeding, alcohol, cigarette smoking, medication, and vegetarian during pregnancy, as well as prematurity, were not significantly different between groups. The use of hormonal contraception and low birth weight infants were significantly higher in severe hypospadias ( Conclusions: Hormonal contraception, primipara, and maternal age >35 years old are among the nongenetic risk factors of severe hypospadias in West Java.
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