ReviewCureus2024
Dry Eye Disease Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors Among the Middle East Population: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
Review in Cureus, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Pooled prevalence of symptomatic dry eye and its associated factors among adults in Africa: (2016-2025) systematic review and meta-analysis study.Archives of public health = Archives belges de sante publique · 2026Pooled it
- A follow-up study on visual display terminal use and dry eye disease in the Beijing Adult Dry Eye Cohort Study (ADEC).Eye (London, England) · 2026Article
- Dry Eye Disease And The Jenvis Dry Eye Report Diagnosis Tool: A Literature Review with Emphasis On African Populations.Clinical optometry · 2026Review
- The prevalence and associated factors of dry eye disease amongst people diagnosed with diabetes mellitus in Bronkhorstspruit.Frontiers in clinical diabetes and healthcare · 2026Article
- Article
- Emerging Age-Specific Therapeutic Approaches for Dry Eye Disease.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- Prevalence of dry eye symptoms and associated risk factors among students at Al-Mustaqbal University, Iraq.PloS one · 2025Article
- Impact of Environmental Exposure on Ocular Surface Balance: A Comparative Study.Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2025Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Dry eye disease (DED) is a common condition characterized by a loss of the tear film function, leading to symptoms of ocular discomfort and damage to the ocular surface. The prevalence and associated risk factors of DED may vary by region due to environmental, cultural, and genetic differences. The aim of the present study is to systematically review and analyze the prevalence and risk factors of DED in the Middle East (ME) region. This study adhered to the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. A comprehensive literature search was conducted using databases such as Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar, and PubMed to identify relevant studies published from January 2004 to July 2024. Studies included in the review were those that provided data on the prevalence and risk factors of DED in Middle Eastern populations. Data were extracted and analyzed to determine overall pooled prevalence and associated risk factors using a random-effects model. The study protocol was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) with the registration number CRD42024583897. The meta-analysis included 17 studies from 10 countries with a total of 22,087 subjects. The estimated pooled prevalence of DED in the ME region was 28.33% (95% CI: 27.74-28.93). The primary risk factors include age, female gender, and smoking. Other risks are contact lens use, prolonged screen time (over six hours daily), diabetes, glaucoma medications, allergies, autoimmune diseases, refractive surgery, arthritis, high cholesterol, acne treatments, antihistamines, antidepressants, thyroid disease, and a history of conjunctival infections or corneal abrasions. The prevalence of DED in Middle Eastern countries was higher than the global estimate, highlighting significant regional variation. Common risk factors for DED include older age, female gender, and smoking. These findings underscore the need for targeted prevention and management strategies that address the specific risk factors prevalent in the Middle Eastern population.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.