SynthesisBMC cancer2024
PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint inhibitors in the treatment of unresectable locally advanced or metastatic triple negative breast cancer: a meta-analysis on their efficacy and safety.
Synthesis in BMC cancer, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Efficacy, safety, and PD-L1-defined outcomes of neoadjuvant immune checkpoint inhibitors in early-stage triple-negative breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Pooled it
- Efficacy and safety analysis of immune checkpoint inhibitors combined with chemotherapy in the treatment of advanced triple-negative breast cancer: an umbrella meta-analysis.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Pooled it
- PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors plus chemotherapy versus chemotherapy alone for Asian patients with advanced triple-negative breast cancer: a phase III RCTs based meta-analysis.Frontiers in oncology · 2025Pooled it
- NF-κB-driven immune checkpoint knockdown and cytokine expression in cancer cells for tumor immunotherapy.iScience · 2026Article
- Multiscale Explainable Machine Learning Reveals Descriptor-Invariant Molecular Determinants of Small-Molecule PD-1/PD-L1 Inhibition.ACS medicinal chemistry letters · 2026Article
- 1-Palmitoyl-4-piperidinopiperidine exhibits anticancer effects in murine triple-negative breast cancer EO771 cells associated with STAT3 signaling suppression.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2026Article
- Advancements in Immune Checkpoint-Based Immunotherapy for Triple-Negative Breast Cancer.Current issues in molecular biology · 2026Review
- Integrative QSP Modeling of Cancer Stem Cells in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: Impacts on Tumor Immunity and Response to Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors.CPT: pharmacometrics & systems pharmacology · 2026Article
- Mammographic radiomics and breast density for predicting PD-L1 expression in breast cancer.Cancer imaging : the official publication of the International Cancer Imaging Society · 2026Article
- Review
- PD-L1-negative triple-negative breast cancer exhibited a remarkable response to cadonilimab: a case report.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Article
- Targeted therapy plus chemotherapy for advanced or metastatic triple-negative breast cancer: a PRISMA 2020 systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Article
- Stromal COL11A1: Mechanisms of Stroma-Driven Multidrug Resistance in Breast Cancer and Biomarker Potential.Biomedicines · 2025Review
- Seven Shades of Triple Negativity: A Review Unveiling the Low-Grade Spectrum of Breast Cancer.Cancers · 2025Review
- Mechanisms and Therapeutic Strategies to Overcome Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Resistance in Melanoma, Head and Neck, and Triple-Negative Breast Cancers.Journal of cellular immunology · 2025Article
- Synergistic antitumor efficacy of CIK cells combined with PD-1 inhibitors in nasopharyngeal carcinoma.American journal of translational research · 2025Article
- Tumor-dependent myeloid and lymphoid cell recruitment in genO-BRGSF-HIS mice: a novel tool for evaluating immunotherapies.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundTriple negative breast cancer (TNBC) represents a particularly aggressive and clinically challenging subtype of breast cancer, characterized by its invasive nature and generally poor prognosis. Treatment options for unresectable TNBC are limited. In recent years, the advent of PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint inhibitors has offered a promising new treatment option for unresectable TNBC. The role of PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in unresectable TNBC management remains a subject of debate. This article aims to synthesize evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) through a meta-analysis (MA) to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the efficacy and safety profile of ICIs in the treatment of unresectable TNBC.
methodWe searched PubMed, Embase, Cochrane library, Web of Science, and ClinicalTrials.gov for the eligible RCTs which compared the efficacy and safety of PD-1/PD-L1 ICIs and chemotherapy alone. The outcomes analyzed included overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), objective response rate (ORR) and treatment-related adverse effects (AEs).
resultsThis meta-analysis included 11 trials. Therapy with PD-L1 inhibitors was superior to chemotherapy in terms of OS in both the intention-to-treat (ITT) population and the PD-L1-positive population. (ITT: HR: = 0.90 [0.81, 0.99], P = 0.04, I
conclusionBoth PD-1 and PD-L1 inhibitors can offer survival benefits to TNBC patients, with the primary beneficiaries being those who are PD-L1-positive. However, immunotherapy can also lead to an increase in treatment-related adverse events. Therefore, it is essential to conduct a risk assessment for each patient before starting treatment to prevent the occurrence of serious adverse reactions.
trial registrationThis systematic review study has been filed with PROSPERO (Registration number: CRD42024571775).
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.