ArticleTuberculosis and respiratory diseases2025
Clinical Characteristics of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease according to Smoking Status.
Article in Tuberculosis and respiratory diseases, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Tuberculosis Development in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Nationwide Population-Based Study.Journal of Korean medical science · 2026Article
- 4-Hydroxynonenal, a Potential Biomarker for Lung Inflammatory Diseases.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Risk Factors for Progression to Frequent Exacerbators in Stable Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.Tuberculosis and respiratory diseases · 2026Article
- Clinical Characteristics of Individuals with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), Pre-COPD, Smokers with Normal Lung Function in Korea: Updated Analysis of the Korea COPD Subgroup Study Cohort.Tuberculosis and respiratory diseases · 2026Article
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Authors and funding
1 author.
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Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) can be caused by various factors, including lung infections, asthma, air pollution, childhood growth disorders, and genetic factors, though smoking is the predominant risk factor. The main pathological mechanisms in COPD involve small airway disease, emphysema, mucus hypersecretion, and vascular disorders. COPD in non-smokers is characterized by a normal 1-second forced expiratory volume decline, equal sex distribution, younger age of onset, fewer comorbidities, milder airflow obstruction, preserved diffusing capacity of the lungs for carbon monoxide, and radiological features such as more air-trapping and less severe emphysema compared to COPD in smokers. Nevertheless, non-smokers with COPD still experience a high prevalence of acute exacerbations, nearly equal to that of smokers with COPD. Moreover, COPD itself is an independent risk factor for developing lung cancer, regardless of smoking status. Given that COPD coexists with numerous comorbidities, effectively managing these comorbidities is crucial, requiring multifaceted efforts for comprehensive treatment.
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