Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39471780›Full record

ArticlePatient education and counseling2025

Disentangling gender, sex, and biology: a mixed methods study of gender identity data collection tools.

Ash B Alpert, Tresne Hernandez, Roman Ruddick, Charlie Manzano, Spencer Adams, Lex Rivers, Alixida Ramos-Pibernus, Jae Sevelius, Tonia Poteat, Juno Obedin-Maliver and 10 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Patient education and counseling, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

20 authors.

Ash B AlpertYale Cancer Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA. Electronic address: ash.alpert@yale.edu.
Tresne HernandezUniversity of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA.
Roman RuddickTransgender Cancer Patient Project, Ashland, OR, USA.
Charlie ManzanoTransgender Cancer Patient Project, Ashland, OR, USA.
Spencer AdamsWestern Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, USA.
Lex RiversTransgender Cancer Patient Project, Ashland, OR, USA.
Alixida Ramos-PibernusSchool of Behavioral and Brain Sciences of the Ponce Health Sciences University, Ponce, Puerto Rico.
Jae SeveliusDepartment of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
Tonia PoteatDuke University School of Nursing, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
Juno Obedin-MaliverDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA; The PRIDE Study, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
Ethan C CiceroNell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
Asa RadixCallen-Lorde Community Health Center, New York, NY, USA; NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
Elle LettPerelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Center for Applied Transgender Studies, Chicago, IL, USA.
Don OperarioDepartment of Behavioral, Social, and Health Education Sciences, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
Ben ChapmanDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.
Marsha WittinkDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA; Department of Family Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.
AnaPaula CupertinoDepartment of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA; Department of Surgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA; Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.
Gabriel R MurchisonDepartment of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA.
Marcella Nunez-SmithEquity Research and Innovation Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; General Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine; Office of the Dean, Yale School of Medicine.
Francisco Cartujano-BarreraDivision of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Center for Community Health and Prevention, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.

Funding

Mentoring clinical investigators in patient-oriented research on substance use and HIVK24DA051328 · NIDA · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO · PI SEVELIUS, JAE M. · 2020 to 2024
$771k
NIDA NIH HHS K24 DA051328
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectivesWe used community-based mixed methods to test whether transgender and gender diverse (TGD) people preferred gender identity questions developed by community members over current questions in use and generate hypotheses about data collection preferences.

methodsWe interviewed twenty TGD adults in English and Spanish, asking them to rate and discuss their responses to questions. We analyzed quantitative data with descriptive statistics and qualitative data with template analysis, then integrated them.

resultsMore participants preferred gender identity questions that were currently in use. Themes: 1) TGD participants find questions about "gender" and related terminology unclear because of conflations of sex, gender, and other constructs. 2) TGD participants resist cisgenderism in questions about gender identity. 3) TGD people desire questions that allow for autonomy, privacy, and safety. 4) Contextual factors, particularly safety, influence whether and how TGD people answer questions about gender and sex.

conclusionsTGD people have varied concepts of sex and gender and preferences about data collection. Future research should investigate the impacts of disentangling gender, sex, and biological factors, which could decrease stigma for TGD people. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: Medical care that disentangles gender, sex, and biological factors could improve data collection effectiveness and the safety of TGD people.

Indexed as

Gender IdentityTransgender PersonsAdultData CollectionFemaleHumansInterviews as TopicMaleMiddle AgedQualitative ResearchSurveys and QuestionnairesCommunity-based participatory researchGender identityMixed methodsQualitative researchTransgender persons

Identifiers

PMID39471780
PMCPMC13141590

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.