ArticleRMD open2024
Value of the central sensitisation inventory in patients with axial spondyloarthritis.
Article in RMD open, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed.
- Decoding pain in axial spondyloarthritis: Mechanisms, management, and future directions.Best practice & research. Clinical rheumatology · 2026Review
- Meditations on Methodological Issues in Clinical Investigations of "Central Sensitization" (Jonah XII).Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Challenges in diagnosing and monitoring radiographic and non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis in daily clinical practice.Clinical rheumatology · 2026Article
- Central Sensitization in Spondyloarthritis: Implications for Personalized Medicine.Journal of personalized medicine · 2026Article
- Sex differences in pain-related biopsychosocial assessments in patients with axial spondyloarthritis.Arthritis research & therapy · 2026Article
- Interrelationships of disease activity, central sensitization, psychosocial and lifestyle factors in axial spondyloarthritis.Rheumatology (Oxford, England) · 2025Article
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7 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundIn many patients with axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA), pain persists despite anti-inflammatory medication. Quantitative sensory testing (QST) indirectly assesses altered somatosensory function, though its clinical practicality is limited. The Central Sensitisation Inventory (CSI) could be an alternative in the initial assessment of central sensitisation (CS). This study aimed to investigate the value of the CSI in evaluating CS in patients with axSpA by (1) assessing somatosensory function related to CS with QST and (2) exploring associations between CSI, QST, patient and disease characteristics and pain-related psychosocial factors.
methodsConsecutive outpatients from the Groningen Leeuwarden AxSpA cohort underwent QST, including pressure pain threshold (PPT), temporal summation (TS) and conditioned pain modulation (CPM). Participants completed questionnaires assessing CS (CSI), illness perception (Revised Illness Perception Questionnaire, IPQ-R), pain-related worrying (Pain Catastrophising Scale, PCS), fatigue (Modified Fatigue Impact Scale, MFIS), anxiety/depression (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, HADS) and coping. QST measurements were stratified for CSI≥40.
results201 patients with axSpA were included; 63% male, 64% radiographic axSpA, median symptom duration 12 years (IQR 5-24), mean Axial Spondyloarthritis Disease Activity Score 2.1±1.0. Patients with CSI≥40 had significantly lower PPTs and higher TS than CSI<40 (p<0.004). No significant differences in CPM were observed. In multivariable linear regression, sex, PCS, IPQ-R Identity, MFIS and HADS anxiety were independently associated with CSI (78% explained variance).
conclusionIn this large cross-sectional study in patients with axSpA, the CSI appears as a useful initial CS assessment questionnaire. When CSI scores indicate CS, considering pain-related psychosocial factors is important. These results emphasise the need for a biopsychosocial approach to manage chronic pain in patients with axSpA.
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