ArticleNeurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation2024
Autoimmune Encephalitis and Paraneoplastic Neurologic Syndromes: A Nationwide Study on Epidemiology and Antibody Testing Performance.
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Article in Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 31 papers.
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31citing papers in PubMed
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Who cites it
31 citing papers in PubMed.
- A new Patient-Reported Outcome Scale to assess autoimmune Encephalitis: PROSE.Annals of neurology · 2026Article
- Neuronal Antibodies in Patients With Atypical Parkinsonism.Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation · 2026Observational
- Kappa Free Light Chain for Diagnosis and Neurofilament Light Chain for Prognosis in Autoimmune Encephalitis.Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation · 2026Observational
- Clinical approach to neurological paraneoplastic syndromes.Internal medicine journal · 2026Review
- Fifteen years of autoimmune encephalitis in Denmark: incidence, epidemiology, and trends in treatment.Journal of neurology · 2026Article
- Clinical Manifestations, Tumor Associations, and Long-Term Outcomes of Anti-KLHL11 Encephalitis.Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation · 2026Article
- Autoimmune Encephalitis as Treatment-Responsive Cause of Rapidly Progressive Dementia: A Multicenter Prospective Cohort Study.Neurology · 2026Observational
- Intrathecal immunoglobulin production in the diagnosis, prognosis, and monitoring of autoimmune diseases of the central nervous system.Journal of translational autoimmunity · 2026Review
- Current and Future Biomarkers in the Diagnosis of Autoimmune Encephalitis: A Review of Biomarker Detection Techniques and Their Performance.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Review
- Movement Disorders Associated With Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review.Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology · 2026Article
- Comorbidity Between Anti-GAD65 Autoimmune Encephalitis and Behavioral Variant Frontotemporal Dementia: A Case Report.Reports (MDPI) · 2026Article
- Alternative diagnoses of suspected paraneoplastic neurological syndromes: a population-based study.Journal of neurology · 2026Article
- Clinical utility of human leukocyte antigen genotyping and immunoglobulin G4 autoantibody testing in autoimmune neurological diseases: A focused minireview.World journal of biological chemistry · 2026Review
- Development and validation of the NEOS2 score for prediction of long-term outcomes and improvement after first-line immunotherapy in patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis: an international cohort study.The Lancet regional health. Europe · 2026Article
- Clinical decision-making in relation to autoimmunity: insights from catatonia and autoimmune encephalitis.BJPsych open · 2026Article
- Testing for neural antibodies in autoimmune encephalitis: who, what, where, when, why, and how.Therapeutic advances in neurological disorders · 2026Review
- Antineuronal antibody titres in autoimmune encephalitis: clinical implications for diagnosis and long-term immunotherapy.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Case Report: A case of paraneoplastic autoimmune encephalitis with concurrent anti-GABABR and anti-SOX1 antibody positivity.Frontiers in cellular neuroscience · 2026Article
- Clinical outcomes and prognostic factors after first- and second-line immunotherapy in a cohort of 57 patients with refractory autoimmune encephalitis.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Movement Disorders in Antibody-Associated Neurologic Diseases: A Nationwide Study.Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation · 2026Observational
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
29 authors.
Jeroen KerstensFrom the Department of Neurology (J.K., J.M.V., R.F.N., J.B., Y.C., R.W.v.S., M.A.A.M.d.B., M.H.v.C.-H., A.E.M.B., M.V., S.C.F., M.M.P.N., M.P., P.A.E.S.S., M.J.T.); Department of Immunology (M.S., S.B., S.V.), Laboratory Medical Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (M.A.A.M.D.B.), Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg; Department of Neurology (A.v.S.), Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague; Central Diagnostic Laboratory (J.D.), Maastricht University Medical Center; Central Diagnostic Laboratory (H.G.O.); Department of Neurology (C.J.M.F.), Utrecht University Medical Center; Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology (B.M.), Saint Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein; Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Immunology (A.C.M.P.), Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg; Department of Neurology (A.M., C.C.D.); Clinical Laboratory (M.A.C.B.), Máxima Medical Center, Veldhoven; Departments of Neurology and Human Genetics (M.M.V.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen; and Department of Neurology (E.I.H.), Zuyderland Medical Center, Heerlen, The Netherlands.ORCID 0000-0002-3185-6974
Marco W J SchreursFrom the Department of Neurology (J.K., J.M.V., R.F.N., J.B., Y.C., R.W.v.S., M.A.A.M.d.B., M.H.v.C.-H., A.E.M.B., M.V., S.C.F., M.M.P.N., M.P., P.A.E.S.S., M.J.T.); Department of Immunology (M.S., S.B., S.V.), Laboratory Medical Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (M.A.A.M.D.B.), Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg; Department of Neurology (A.v.S.), Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague; Central Diagnostic Laboratory (J.D.), Maastricht University Medical Center; Central Diagnostic Laboratory (H.G.O.); Department of Neurology (C.J.M.F.), Utrecht University Medical Center; Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology (B.M.), Saint Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein; Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Immunology (A.C.M.P.), Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg; Department of Neurology (A.M., C.C.D.); Clinical Laboratory (M.A.C.B.), Máxima Medical Center, Veldhoven; Departments of Neurology and Human Genetics (M.M.V.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen; and Department of Neurology (E.I.H.), Zuyderland Medical Center, Heerlen, The Netherlands.ORCID 0000-0003-4198-183X
Juna M de VriesFrom the Department of Neurology (J.K., J.M.V., R.F.N., J.B., Y.C., R.W.v.S., M.A.A.M.d.B., M.H.v.C.-H., A.E.M.B., M.V., S.C.F., M.M.P.N., M.P., P.A.E.S.S., M.J.T.); Department of Immunology (M.S., S.B., S.V.), Laboratory Medical Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (M.A.A.M.D.B.), Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg; Department of Neurology (A.v.S.), Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague; Central Diagnostic Laboratory (J.D.), Maastricht University Medical Center; Central Diagnostic Laboratory (H.G.O.); Department of Neurology (C.J.M.F.), Utrecht University Medical Center; Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology (B.M.), Saint Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein; Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Immunology (A.C.M.P.), Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg; Department of Neurology (A.M., C.C.D.); Clinical Laboratory (M.A.C.B.), Máxima Medical Center, Veldhoven; Departments of Neurology and Human Genetics (M.M.V.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen; and Department of Neurology (E.I.H.), Zuyderland Medical Center, Heerlen, The Netherlands.ORCID 0000-0002-6380-1871
Rinze F NeuteboomFrom the Department of Neurology (J.K., J.M.V., R.F.N., J.B., Y.C., R.W.v.S., M.A.A.M.d.B., M.H.v.C.-H., A.E.M.B., M.V., S.C.F., M.M.P.N., M.P., P.A.E.S.S., M.J.T.); Department of Immunology (M.S., S.B., S.V.), Laboratory Medical Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (M.A.A.M.D.B.), Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg; Department of Neurology (A.v.S.), Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague; Central Diagnostic Laboratory (J.D.), Maastricht University Medical Center; Central Diagnostic Laboratory (H.G.O.); Department of Neurology (C.J.M.F.), Utrecht University Medical Center; Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology (B.M.), Saint Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein; Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Immunology (A.C.M.P.), Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg; Department of Neurology (A.M., C.C.D.); Clinical Laboratory (M.A.C.B.), Máxima Medical Center, Veldhoven; Departments of Neurology and Human Genetics (M.M.V.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen; and Department of Neurology (E.I.H.), Zuyderland Medical Center, Heerlen, The Netherlands.ORCID 0000-0001-6136-4981
Juliette BrennerFrom the Department of Neurology (J.K., J.M.V., R.F.N., J.B., Y.C., R.W.v.S., M.A.A.M.d.B., M.H.v.C.-H., A.E.M.B., M.V., S.C.F., M.M.P.N., M.P., P.A.E.S.S., M.J.T.); Department of Immunology (M.S., S.B., S.V.), Laboratory Medical Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (M.A.A.M.D.B.), Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg; Department of Neurology (A.v.S.), Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague; Central Diagnostic Laboratory (J.D.), Maastricht University Medical Center; Central Diagnostic Laboratory (H.G.O.); Department of Neurology (C.J.M.F.), Utrecht University Medical Center; Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology (B.M.), Saint Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein; Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Immunology (A.C.M.P.), Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg; Department of Neurology (A.M., C.C.D.); Clinical Laboratory (M.A.C.B.), Máxima Medical Center, Veldhoven; Departments of Neurology and Human Genetics (M.M.V.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen; and Department of Neurology (E.I.H.), Zuyderland Medical Center, Heerlen, The Netherlands.ORCID 0000-0001-5523-4398
Yvette S CrijnenFrom the Department of Neurology (J.K., J.M.V., R.F.N., J.B., Y.C., R.W.v.S., M.A.A.M.d.B., M.H.v.C.-H., A.E.M.B., M.V., S.C.F., M.M.P.N., M.P., P.A.E.S.S., M.J.T.); Department of Immunology (M.S., S.B., S.V.), Laboratory Medical Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (M.A.A.M.D.B.), Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg; Department of Neurology (A.v.S.), Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague; Central Diagnostic Laboratory (J.D.), Maastricht University Medical Center; Central Diagnostic Laboratory (H.G.O.); Department of Neurology (C.J.M.F.), Utrecht University Medical Center; Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology (B.M.), Saint Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein; Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Immunology (A.C.M.P.), Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg; Department of Neurology (A.M., C.C.D.); Clinical Laboratory (M.A.C.B.), Máxima Medical Center, Veldhoven; Departments of Neurology and Human Genetics (M.M.V.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen; and Department of Neurology (E.I.H.), Zuyderland Medical Center, Heerlen, The Netherlands.ORCID 0000-0003-0279-7140
Robin W van SteenhovenFrom the Department of Neurology (J.K., J.M.V., R.F.N., J.B., Y.C., R.W.v.S., M.A.A.M.d.B., M.H.v.C.-H., A.E.M.B., M.V., S.C.F., M.M.P.N., M.P., P.A.E.S.S., M.J.T.); Department of Immunology (M.S., S.B., S.V.), Laboratory Medical Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (M.A.A.M.D.B.), Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg; Department of Neurology (A.v.S.), Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague; Central Diagnostic Laboratory (J.D.), Maastricht University Medical Center; Central Diagnostic Laboratory (H.G.O.); Department of Neurology (C.J.M.F.), Utrecht University Medical Center; Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology (B.M.), Saint Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein; Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Immunology (A.C.M.P.), Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg; Department of Neurology (A.M., C.C.D.); Clinical Laboratory (M.A.C.B.), Máxima Medical Center, Veldhoven; Departments of Neurology and Human Genetics (M.M.V.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen; and Department of Neurology (E.I.H.), Zuyderland Medical Center, Heerlen, The Netherlands.ORCID 0009-0003-6842-095X
Marienke A A M de BruijnFrom the Department of Neurology (J.K., J.M.V., R.F.N., J.B., Y.C., R.W.v.S., M.A.A.M.d.B., M.H.v.C.-H., A.E.M.B., M.V., S.C.F., M.M.P.N., M.P., P.A.E.S.S., M.J.T.); Department of Immunology (M.S., S.B., S.V.), Laboratory Medical Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (M.A.A.M.D.B.), Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg; Department of Neurology (A.v.S.), Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague; Central Diagnostic Laboratory (J.D.), Maastricht University Medical Center; Central Diagnostic Laboratory (H.G.O.); Department of Neurology (C.J.M.F.), Utrecht University Medical Center; Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology (B.M.), Saint Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein; Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Immunology (A.C.M.P.), Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg; Department of Neurology (A.M., C.C.D.); Clinical Laboratory (M.A.C.B.), Máxima Medical Center, Veldhoven; Departments of Neurology and Human Genetics (M.M.V.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen; and Department of Neurology (E.I.H.), Zuyderland Medical Center, Heerlen, The Netherlands.ORCID 0009-0009-7870-6840
Agnes van SonderenFrom the Department of Neurology (J.K., J.M.V., R.F.N., J.B., Y.C., R.W.v.S., M.A.A.M.d.B., M.H.v.C.-H., A.E.M.B., M.V., S.C.F., M.M.P.N., M.P., P.A.E.S.S., M.J.T.); Department of Immunology (M.S., S.B., S.V.), Laboratory Medical Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (M.A.A.M.D.B.), Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg; Department of Neurology (A.v.S.), Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague; Central Diagnostic Laboratory (J.D.), Maastricht University Medical Center; Central Diagnostic Laboratory (H.G.O.); Department of Neurology (C.J.M.F.), Utrecht University Medical Center; Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology (B.M.), Saint Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein; Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Immunology (A.C.M.P.), Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg; Department of Neurology (A.M., C.C.D.); Clinical Laboratory (M.A.C.B.), Máxima Medical Center, Veldhoven; Departments of Neurology and Human Genetics (M.M.V.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen; and Department of Neurology (E.I.H.), Zuyderland Medical Center, Heerlen, The Netherlands.ORCID 0009-0008-8149-735X
Marleen H van Coevorden-HameeteFrom the Department of Neurology (J.K., J.M.V., R.F.N., J.B., Y.C., R.W.v.S., M.A.A.M.d.B., M.H.v.C.-H., A.E.M.B., M.V., S.C.F., M.M.P.N., M.P., P.A.E.S.S., M.J.T.); Department of Immunology (M.S., S.B., S.V.), Laboratory Medical Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (M.A.A.M.D.B.), Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg; Department of Neurology (A.v.S.), Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague; Central Diagnostic Laboratory (J.D.), Maastricht University Medical Center; Central Diagnostic Laboratory (H.G.O.); Department of Neurology (C.J.M.F.), Utrecht University Medical Center; Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology (B.M.), Saint Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein; Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Immunology (A.C.M.P.), Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg; Department of Neurology (A.M., C.C.D.); Clinical Laboratory (M.A.C.B.), Máxima Medical Center, Veldhoven; Departments of Neurology and Human Genetics (M.M.V.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen; and Department of Neurology (E.I.H.), Zuyderland Medical Center, Heerlen, The Netherlands.ORCID 0009-0006-4171-4597
Anna E M BastiaansenFrom the Department of Neurology (J.K., J.M.V., R.F.N., J.B., Y.C., R.W.v.S., M.A.A.M.d.B., M.H.v.C.-H., A.E.M.B., M.V., S.C.F., M.M.P.N., M.P., P.A.E.S.S., M.J.T.); Department of Immunology (M.S., S.B., S.V.), Laboratory Medical Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (M.A.A.M.D.B.), Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg; Department of Neurology (A.v.S.), Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague; Central Diagnostic Laboratory (J.D.), Maastricht University Medical Center; Central Diagnostic Laboratory (H.G.O.); Department of Neurology (C.J.M.F.), Utrecht University Medical Center; Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology (B.M.), Saint Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein; Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Immunology (A.C.M.P.), Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg; Department of Neurology (A.M., C.C.D.); Clinical Laboratory (M.A.C.B.), Máxima Medical Center, Veldhoven; Departments of Neurology and Human Genetics (M.M.V.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen; and Department of Neurology (E.I.H.), Zuyderland Medical Center, Heerlen, The Netherlands.ORCID 0000-0002-8492-5638
Marie R VermeirenFrom the Department of Neurology (J.K., J.M.V., R.F.N., J.B., Y.C., R.W.v.S., M.A.A.M.d.B., M.H.v.C.-H., A.E.M.B., M.V., S.C.F., M.M.P.N., M.P., P.A.E.S.S., M.J.T.); Department of Immunology (M.S., S.B., S.V.), Laboratory Medical Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (M.A.A.M.D.B.), Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg; Department of Neurology (A.v.S.), Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague; Central Diagnostic Laboratory (J.D.), Maastricht University Medical Center; Central Diagnostic Laboratory (H.G.O.); Department of Neurology (C.J.M.F.), Utrecht University Medical Center; Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology (B.M.), Saint Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein; Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Immunology (A.C.M.P.), Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg; Department of Neurology (A.M., C.C.D.); Clinical Laboratory (M.A.C.B.), Máxima Medical Center, Veldhoven; Departments of Neurology and Human Genetics (M.M.V.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen; and Department of Neurology (E.I.H.), Zuyderland Medical Center, Heerlen, The Netherlands.
Jan G M C DamoiseauxFrom the Department of Neurology (J.K., J.M.V., R.F.N., J.B., Y.C., R.W.v.S., M.A.A.M.d.B., M.H.v.C.-H., A.E.M.B., M.V., S.C.F., M.M.P.N., M.P., P.A.E.S.S., M.J.T.); Department of Immunology (M.S., S.B., S.V.), Laboratory Medical Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (M.A.A.M.D.B.), Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg; Department of Neurology (A.v.S.), Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague; Central Diagnostic Laboratory (J.D.), Maastricht University Medical Center; Central Diagnostic Laboratory (H.G.O.); Department of Neurology (C.J.M.F.), Utrecht University Medical Center; Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology (B.M.), Saint Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein; Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Immunology (A.C.M.P.), Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg; Department of Neurology (A.M., C.C.D.); Clinical Laboratory (M.A.C.B.), Máxima Medical Center, Veldhoven; Departments of Neurology and Human Genetics (M.M.V.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen; and Department of Neurology (E.I.H.), Zuyderland Medical Center, Heerlen, The Netherlands.
Henny G OttenFrom the Department of Neurology (J.K., J.M.V., R.F.N., J.B., Y.C., R.W.v.S., M.A.A.M.d.B., M.H.v.C.-H., A.E.M.B., M.V., S.C.F., M.M.P.N., M.P., P.A.E.S.S., M.J.T.); Department of Immunology (M.S., S.B., S.V.), Laboratory Medical Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (M.A.A.M.D.B.), Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg; Department of Neurology (A.v.S.), Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague; Central Diagnostic Laboratory (J.D.), Maastricht University Medical Center; Central Diagnostic Laboratory (H.G.O.); Department of Neurology (C.J.M.F.), Utrecht University Medical Center; Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology (B.M.), Saint Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein; Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Immunology (A.C.M.P.), Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg; Department of Neurology (A.M., C.C.D.); Clinical Laboratory (M.A.C.B.), Máxima Medical Center, Veldhoven; Departments of Neurology and Human Genetics (M.M.V.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen; and Department of Neurology (E.I.H.), Zuyderland Medical Center, Heerlen, The Netherlands.
Catharina J M FrijnsFrom the Department of Neurology (J.K., J.M.V., R.F.N., J.B., Y.C., R.W.v.S., M.A.A.M.d.B., M.H.v.C.-H., A.E.M.B., M.V., S.C.F., M.M.P.N., M.P., P.A.E.S.S., M.J.T.); Department of Immunology (M.S., S.B., S.V.), Laboratory Medical Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (M.A.A.M.D.B.), Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg; Department of Neurology (A.v.S.), Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague; Central Diagnostic Laboratory (J.D.), Maastricht University Medical Center; Central Diagnostic Laboratory (H.G.O.); Department of Neurology (C.J.M.F.), Utrecht University Medical Center; Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology (B.M.), Saint Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein; Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Immunology (A.C.M.P.), Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg; Department of Neurology (A.M., C.C.D.); Clinical Laboratory (M.A.C.B.), Máxima Medical Center, Veldhoven; Departments of Neurology and Human Genetics (M.M.V.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen; and Department of Neurology (E.I.H.), Zuyderland Medical Center, Heerlen, The Netherlands.
Bob MeekFrom the Department of Neurology (J.K., J.M.V., R.F.N., J.B., Y.C., R.W.v.S., M.A.A.M.d.B., M.H.v.C.-H., A.E.M.B., M.V., S.C.F., M.M.P.N., M.P., P.A.E.S.S., M.J.T.); Department of Immunology (M.S., S.B., S.V.), Laboratory Medical Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (M.A.A.M.D.B.), Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg; Department of Neurology (A.v.S.), Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague; Central Diagnostic Laboratory (J.D.), Maastricht University Medical Center; Central Diagnostic Laboratory (H.G.O.); Department of Neurology (C.J.M.F.), Utrecht University Medical Center; Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology (B.M.), Saint Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein; Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Immunology (A.C.M.P.), Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg; Department of Neurology (A.M., C.C.D.); Clinical Laboratory (M.A.C.B.), Máxima Medical Center, Veldhoven; Departments of Neurology and Human Genetics (M.M.V.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen; and Department of Neurology (E.I.H.), Zuyderland Medical Center, Heerlen, The Netherlands.
Anouk C M PlatteelFrom the Department of Neurology (J.K., J.M.V., R.F.N., J.B., Y.C., R.W.v.S., M.A.A.M.d.B., M.H.v.C.-H., A.E.M.B., M.V., S.C.F., M.M.P.N., M.P., P.A.E.S.S., M.J.T.); Department of Immunology (M.S., S.B., S.V.), Laboratory Medical Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (M.A.A.M.D.B.), Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg; Department of Neurology (A.v.S.), Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague; Central Diagnostic Laboratory (J.D.), Maastricht University Medical Center; Central Diagnostic Laboratory (H.G.O.); Department of Neurology (C.J.M.F.), Utrecht University Medical Center; Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology (B.M.), Saint Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein; Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Immunology (A.C.M.P.), Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg; Department of Neurology (A.M., C.C.D.); Clinical Laboratory (M.A.C.B.), Máxima Medical Center, Veldhoven; Departments of Neurology and Human Genetics (M.M.V.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen; and Department of Neurology (E.I.H.), Zuyderland Medical Center, Heerlen, The Netherlands.
Alina van de MortelFrom the Department of Neurology (J.K., J.M.V., R.F.N., J.B., Y.C., R.W.v.S., M.A.A.M.d.B., M.H.v.C.-H., A.E.M.B., M.V., S.C.F., M.M.P.N., M.P., P.A.E.S.S., M.J.T.); Department of Immunology (M.S., S.B., S.V.), Laboratory Medical Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (M.A.A.M.D.B.), Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg; Department of Neurology (A.v.S.), Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague; Central Diagnostic Laboratory (J.D.), Maastricht University Medical Center; Central Diagnostic Laboratory (H.G.O.); Department of Neurology (C.J.M.F.), Utrecht University Medical Center; Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology (B.M.), Saint Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein; Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Immunology (A.C.M.P.), Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg; Department of Neurology (A.M., C.C.D.); Clinical Laboratory (M.A.C.B.), Máxima Medical Center, Veldhoven; Departments of Neurology and Human Genetics (M.M.V.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen; and Department of Neurology (E.I.H.), Zuyderland Medical Center, Heerlen, The Netherlands.
Cathérine C S DelnoozFrom the Department of Neurology (J.K., J.M.V., R.F.N., J.B., Y.C., R.W.v.S., M.A.A.M.d.B., M.H.v.C.-H., A.E.M.B., M.V., S.C.F., M.M.P.N., M.P., P.A.E.S.S., M.J.T.); Department of Immunology (M.S., S.B., S.V.), Laboratory Medical Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (M.A.A.M.D.B.), Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg; Department of Neurology (A.v.S.), Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague; Central Diagnostic Laboratory (J.D.), Maastricht University Medical Center; Central Diagnostic Laboratory (H.G.O.); Department of Neurology (C.J.M.F.), Utrecht University Medical Center; Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology (B.M.), Saint Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein; Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Immunology (A.C.M.P.), Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg; Department of Neurology (A.M., C.C.D.); Clinical Laboratory (M.A.C.B.), Máxima Medical Center, Veldhoven; Departments of Neurology and Human Genetics (M.M.V.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen; and Department of Neurology (E.I.H.), Zuyderland Medical Center, Heerlen, The Netherlands.
Maarten A C BroerenFrom the Department of Neurology (J.K., J.M.V., R.F.N., J.B., Y.C., R.W.v.S., M.A.A.M.d.B., M.H.v.C.-H., A.E.M.B., M.V., S.C.F., M.M.P.N., M.P., P.A.E.S.S., M.J.T.); Department of Immunology (M.S., S.B., S.V.), Laboratory Medical Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (M.A.A.M.D.B.), Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg; Department of Neurology (A.v.S.), Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague; Central Diagnostic Laboratory (J.D.), Maastricht University Medical Center; Central Diagnostic Laboratory (H.G.O.); Department of Neurology (C.J.M.F.), Utrecht University Medical Center; Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology (B.M.), Saint Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein; Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Immunology (A.C.M.P.), Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg; Department of Neurology (A.M., C.C.D.); Clinical Laboratory (M.A.C.B.), Máxima Medical Center, Veldhoven; Departments of Neurology and Human Genetics (M.M.V.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen; and Department of Neurology (E.I.H.), Zuyderland Medical Center, Heerlen, The Netherlands.
Marcel M VerbeekFrom the Department of Neurology (J.K., J.M.V., R.F.N., J.B., Y.C., R.W.v.S., M.A.A.M.d.B., M.H.v.C.-H., A.E.M.B., M.V., S.C.F., M.M.P.N., M.P., P.A.E.S.S., M.J.T.); Department of Immunology (M.S., S.B., S.V.), Laboratory Medical Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (M.A.A.M.D.B.), Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg; Department of Neurology (A.v.S.), Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague; Central Diagnostic Laboratory (J.D.), Maastricht University Medical Center; Central Diagnostic Laboratory (H.G.O.); Department of Neurology (C.J.M.F.), Utrecht University Medical Center; Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology (B.M.), Saint Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein; Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Immunology (A.C.M.P.), Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg; Department of Neurology (A.M., C.C.D.); Clinical Laboratory (M.A.C.B.), Máxima Medical Center, Veldhoven; Departments of Neurology and Human Genetics (M.M.V.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen; and Department of Neurology (E.I.H.), Zuyderland Medical Center, Heerlen, The Netherlands.
Erik I HoffFrom the Department of Neurology (J.K., J.M.V., R.F.N., J.B., Y.C., R.W.v.S., M.A.A.M.d.B., M.H.v.C.-H., A.E.M.B., M.V., S.C.F., M.M.P.N., M.P., P.A.E.S.S., M.J.T.); Department of Immunology (M.S., S.B., S.V.), Laboratory Medical Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (M.A.A.M.D.B.), Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg; Department of Neurology (A.v.S.), Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague; Central Diagnostic Laboratory (J.D.), Maastricht University Medical Center; Central Diagnostic Laboratory (H.G.O.); Department of Neurology (C.J.M.F.), Utrecht University Medical Center; Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology (B.M.), Saint Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein; Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Immunology (A.C.M.P.), Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg; Department of Neurology (A.M., C.C.D.); Clinical Laboratory (M.A.C.B.), Máxima Medical Center, Veldhoven; Departments of Neurology and Human Genetics (M.M.V.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen; and Department of Neurology (E.I.H.), Zuyderland Medical Center, Heerlen, The Netherlands.ORCID 0000-0002-3773-9234
Sanae BoukhrissiFrom the Department of Neurology (J.K., J.M.V., R.F.N., J.B., Y.C., R.W.v.S., M.A.A.M.d.B., M.H.v.C.-H., A.E.M.B., M.V., S.C.F., M.M.P.N., M.P., P.A.E.S.S., M.J.T.); Department of Immunology (M.S., S.B., S.V.), Laboratory Medical Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (M.A.A.M.D.B.), Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg; Department of Neurology (A.v.S.), Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague; Central Diagnostic Laboratory (J.D.), Maastricht University Medical Center; Central Diagnostic Laboratory (H.G.O.); Department of Neurology (C.J.M.F.), Utrecht University Medical Center; Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology (B.M.), Saint Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein; Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Immunology (A.C.M.P.), Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg; Department of Neurology (A.M., C.C.D.); Clinical Laboratory (M.A.C.B.), Máxima Medical Center, Veldhoven; Departments of Neurology and Human Genetics (M.M.V.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen; and Department of Neurology (E.I.H.), Zuyderland Medical Center, Heerlen, The Netherlands.
Suzanne C FrankenFrom the Department of Neurology (J.K., J.M.V., R.F.N., J.B., Y.C., R.W.v.S., M.A.A.M.d.B., M.H.v.C.-H., A.E.M.B., M.V., S.C.F., M.M.P.N., M.P., P.A.E.S.S., M.J.T.); Department of Immunology (M.S., S.B., S.V.), Laboratory Medical Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (M.A.A.M.D.B.), Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg; Department of Neurology (A.v.S.), Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague; Central Diagnostic Laboratory (J.D.), Maastricht University Medical Center; Central Diagnostic Laboratory (H.G.O.); Department of Neurology (C.J.M.F.), Utrecht University Medical Center; Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology (B.M.), Saint Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein; Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Immunology (A.C.M.P.), Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg; Department of Neurology (A.M., C.C.D.); Clinical Laboratory (M.A.C.B.), Máxima Medical Center, Veldhoven; Departments of Neurology and Human Genetics (M.M.V.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen; and Department of Neurology (E.I.H.), Zuyderland Medical Center, Heerlen, The Netherlands.ORCID 0009-0006-7582-5295
Mariska M P NagtzaamFrom the Department of Neurology (J.K., J.M.V., R.F.N., J.B., Y.C., R.W.v.S., M.A.A.M.d.B., M.H.v.C.-H., A.E.M.B., M.V., S.C.F., M.M.P.N., M.P., P.A.E.S.S., M.J.T.); Department of Immunology (M.S., S.B., S.V.), Laboratory Medical Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (M.A.A.M.D.B.), Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg; Department of Neurology (A.v.S.), Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague; Central Diagnostic Laboratory (J.D.), Maastricht University Medical Center; Central Diagnostic Laboratory (H.G.O.); Department of Neurology (C.J.M.F.), Utrecht University Medical Center; Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology (B.M.), Saint Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein; Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Immunology (A.C.M.P.), Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg; Department of Neurology (A.M., C.C.D.); Clinical Laboratory (M.A.C.B.), Máxima Medical Center, Veldhoven; Departments of Neurology and Human Genetics (M.M.V.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen; and Department of Neurology (E.I.H.), Zuyderland Medical Center, Heerlen, The Netherlands.ORCID 0009-0007-9427-0835
Manuela PaunovicFrom the Department of Neurology (J.K., J.M.V., R.F.N., J.B., Y.C., R.W.v.S., M.A.A.M.d.B., M.H.v.C.-H., A.E.M.B., M.V., S.C.F., M.M.P.N., M.P., P.A.E.S.S., M.J.T.); Department of Immunology (M.S., S.B., S.V.), Laboratory Medical Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (M.A.A.M.D.B.), Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg; Department of Neurology (A.v.S.), Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague; Central Diagnostic Laboratory (J.D.), Maastricht University Medical Center; Central Diagnostic Laboratory (H.G.O.); Department of Neurology (C.J.M.F.), Utrecht University Medical Center; Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology (B.M.), Saint Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein; Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Immunology (A.C.M.P.), Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg; Department of Neurology (A.M., C.C.D.); Clinical Laboratory (M.A.C.B.), Máxima Medical Center, Veldhoven; Departments of Neurology and Human Genetics (M.M.V.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen; and Department of Neurology (E.I.H.), Zuyderland Medical Center, Heerlen, The Netherlands.ORCID 0000-0002-8382-9150
Sharon VeenbergenFrom the Department of Neurology (J.K., J.M.V., R.F.N., J.B., Y.C., R.W.v.S., M.A.A.M.d.B., M.H.v.C.-H., A.E.M.B., M.V., S.C.F., M.M.P.N., M.P., P.A.E.S.S., M.J.T.); Department of Immunology (M.S., S.B., S.V.), Laboratory Medical Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (M.A.A.M.D.B.), Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg; Department of Neurology (A.v.S.), Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague; Central Diagnostic Laboratory (J.D.), Maastricht University Medical Center; Central Diagnostic Laboratory (H.G.O.); Department of Neurology (C.J.M.F.), Utrecht University Medical Center; Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology (B.M.), Saint Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein; Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Immunology (A.C.M.P.), Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg; Department of Neurology (A.M., C.C.D.); Clinical Laboratory (M.A.C.B.), Máxima Medical Center, Veldhoven; Departments of Neurology and Human Genetics (M.M.V.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen; and Department of Neurology (E.I.H.), Zuyderland Medical Center, Heerlen, The Netherlands.
Peter A E Sillevis SmittFrom the Department of Neurology (J.K., J.M.V., R.F.N., J.B., Y.C., R.W.v.S., M.A.A.M.d.B., M.H.v.C.-H., A.E.M.B., M.V., S.C.F., M.M.P.N., M.P., P.A.E.S.S., M.J.T.); Department of Immunology (M.S., S.B., S.V.), Laboratory Medical Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (M.A.A.M.D.B.), Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg; Department of Neurology (A.v.S.), Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague; Central Diagnostic Laboratory (J.D.), Maastricht University Medical Center; Central Diagnostic Laboratory (H.G.O.); Department of Neurology (C.J.M.F.), Utrecht University Medical Center; Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology (B.M.), Saint Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein; Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Immunology (A.C.M.P.), Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg; Department of Neurology (A.M., C.C.D.); Clinical Laboratory (M.A.C.B.), Máxima Medical Center, Veldhoven; Departments of Neurology and Human Genetics (M.M.V.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen; and Department of Neurology (E.I.H.), Zuyderland Medical Center, Heerlen, The Netherlands.ORCID 0000-0001-8044-6798
Maarten J TitulaerFrom the Department of Neurology (J.K., J.M.V., R.F.N., J.B., Y.C., R.W.v.S., M.A.A.M.d.B., M.H.v.C.-H., A.E.M.B., M.V., S.C.F., M.M.P.N., M.P., P.A.E.S.S., M.J.T.); Department of Immunology (M.S., S.B., S.V.), Laboratory Medical Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (M.A.A.M.D.B.), Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg; Department of Neurology (A.v.S.), Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague; Central Diagnostic Laboratory (J.D.), Maastricht University Medical Center; Central Diagnostic Laboratory (H.G.O.); Department of Neurology (C.J.M.F.), Utrecht University Medical Center; Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology (B.M.), Saint Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein; Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Immunology (A.C.M.P.), Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg; Department of Neurology (A.M., C.C.D.); Clinical Laboratory (M.A.C.B.), Máxima Medical Center, Veldhoven; Departments of Neurology and Human Genetics (M.M.V.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen; and Department of Neurology (E.I.H.), Zuyderland Medical Center, Heerlen, The Netherlands.ORCID 0000-0002-1033-3840
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND
objectivesAutoimmune encephalitis (AIE) and paraneoplastic neurologic syndromes (PNSs) encompass a heterogeneous group of antibody-associated disorders. Both the number of syndromes and commercially available antibody tests have increased considerably over the past decade. High-quality population-based data on epidemiology of these disorders and real-world performance of antibody tests are needed.
methodsIn this nationwide retrospective cohort study, we identified all serum and CSF samples tested for antibodies against intracellular antigens (IAs: Hu [ANNA1], Yo [PCA1], CV2 [CRMP5], Ri [ANNA2], Ma1, Ma2 [Ta], amphiphysin, GAD65, GFAP, KLHL11, CARP VIII) or extracellular antigens (EAs: NMDAR, LGI1, Caspr2, GABA-B-R, GABA-A-R, AMPAR, DPPX, GlyR, mGluR1, VGCC, IgLON5, Tr [DNER]) between January 2016 and December 2021 in the Netherlands. Nationwide coverage was guaranteed for all antibodies except anti-GAD65 and anti-VGCC. We calculated sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV); obtained clinical information about patients who tested positive; assigned diagnosis of AIE/PNS according to diagnostic criteria; and calculated incidence rates for IA, EA, and individual antibody-associated syndromes.
resultsIn the study period, 2,877 (9.5%) of 30,246 samples, belonging to 1,228 patients, tested positive. Sensitivity and specificity were high (>95%) to very high (>99%) for most tests in both serum and CSF. PPVs for several tests were moderate to poor, especially for serum testing of IA antibodies (25%-80%). Clinical data were available for 940 (76.5%) of 1,228 patients. A total of 578 AIE/PNS diagnoses were made. The incidence rate for AIE/PNS (per million person-years) increased from 4.70 (95% CI 3.72-5.85) in 2016 to 5.76 (4.69-7.00) in 2021. Overall, the incidence rate was 5.57 (5.13-6.05), 2.96 (2.64-3.31) for the EA and 2.61 (2.31-2.94) for the IA subgroup. The 4 most common AIE/PNS types were anti-NMDAR, anti-LGI1, anti-Hu, and anti-GAD65, together comprising almost two-thirds of all diagnoses (364/578, 63.0%). DISCUSSION: Most commercial antibody tests perform well overall, but important pitfalls remain. Although almost all tests had high specificity, PPV was only modest in the setting of these rare diseases and mass testing. We observe trends toward increasing incidence of antibody-associated AIE/PNS.
Indexed as
AutoantibodiesEncephalitisHashimoto DiseaseParaneoplastic Syndromes, Nervous SystemAdolescentAdultAgedAged, 80 and overChildChild, PreschoolFemaleHumansMaleMiddle AgedNetherlandsRetrospective StudiesAutoantibodies
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