Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39466583›Full record

ArticleJournal of autism and developmental disorders2026

Disparities in Receipt of Early Intervention Services by Toddlers with Autism Diagnoses: an Intersectional Latent Class Analysis of Demographic Factors.

Nora L Portillo, Looknoo Patcharapon Thammathorn, Luisa María Buitrago, Alice S Carter, Radley Christopher Sheldrick, Abbey Eisenhower

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Journal of autism and developmental disorders, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
3citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

3 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Review
  2. Article
  3. Missed Early Intervention Opportunities for Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder.Autism research : official journal of the International Society for Autism Research · 2025
    Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Nora L Portillo *Montclair State University, 1 Normal Ave, Montclair, NJ, 07043, USA.
Looknoo Patcharapon Thammathorn *University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 Morrissey Boulevard, Boston, MA, 02125, USA.
Luisa María BuitragoSalem State University, 352 Lafayette St., Salem, MA, 01970, USA.
Alice S CarterUniversity of Massachusetts Boston, 100 Morrissey Boulevard, Boston, MA, 02125, USA.
Radley Christopher SheldrickUMass Medical Center, 222 Maple Avenue, Chang Building, Shrewsbury, MA, 01545, USA.
Abbey EisenhowerUniversity of Massachusetts Boston, 100 Morrissey Boulevard, Boston, MA, 02125, USA. abbey.eisenhower@umb.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3598-3759

Funding

Building a theoretic framework and measures clearinghouse to assess risks and benefits of ASD screening for young children with autismR01MH104400 · NIMH · UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS BOSTON · PI CARTER, ALICE S., SHELDRICK, RADLEY C. · 2014 to 2018
$4.3M
HRSA HHS R40MC26195NIMH NIH HHS R01MH104400
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

We examined receipt of general early intervention services and autism-specific specialized services across demographic groups among toddlers with autism diagnoses who were receiving Part C Early Intervention (EI). Latent class analysis (n = 508) identified five demographically distinct subgroups associated with intersecting marginalization and privilege. Analyses of longitudinal parent interviews (n = 225) revealed service receipt disparities across these demographically distinct latent classes; children from White, U.S. born, English-proficient parents with incomes above poverty level received more EI services (M = 12.0 h/week) than other subgroups, with children from Latiné immigrant families receiving the fewest hours (M = 6.9 h/week). Across all groups, average intervention hours were 8.8 h/week. Despite early identification, racial, ethnic, and other sociodemographic disparities were evident in receipt of Part C Early Intervention services, indicating the need to address barriers to equitable care.

Indexed as

Autistic DisorderEarly Intervention, EducationalHealthcare DisparitiesChild, PreschoolFemaleHealth Services AccessibilityHumansInfantLatent Class AnalysisLongitudinal StudiesMaleSocioeconomic FactorsUnited StatesAutismDisparitiesEarly interventionIntersectionalityLatent class analysisService utilization

Identifiers

PMID39466583
PMCPMC12935832

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.