ArticleScientific reports2024
Development of the calf grimace scale for pain and stress assessment in castrated Angus beef calves.
Article in Scientific reports, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed.
- Descriptive, comparative, and functional anatomy of the facial musculature in cattle (Bos taurus).Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007) · 2026Article
- Artificial Intelligence-Based Decoding of Animal Micro-Expressions: A Review of Methodological Advances and Translational Applications.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2026Review
- Comparing the performance of deep learning video-based models and trained veterinarians in cattle pain assessment.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Influence of a repeated peripheral electrical stimulation on substance P and cortisol concentrations, and behavior in German Simmental calves - a pilot study.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2026Article
- How facial expressions reveal acute pain in domestic animals with facial pain scales as a diagnostic tool.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2025Review
- Clinical interpretation of body language and behavioral modifications to recognize pain in domestic mammals.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2025Review
- The impact of parasitic diseases on dromedary camel (Frontiers in veterinary science · 2025Review
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
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No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Grimace scales have been used to assess pain in various animal species. This study aimed to develop the calf grimace scale (CGS), evaluate its responsiveness and the effect of external factors (change of environment and dam separation, and restraint) on CGS. Sixty-nine Angus calves, 6-8 weeks old, were randomly allocated into castrated (n = 34) and sham castrated (n = 35) groups. Images were extracted from videos pre- (M1-M4), during- (M5), and post-castration/sham castration (M6, M7). Six facial action units (FAUs) were identified: ear position, orbital tightening, tension above the eye, nostril dilation, straining of chewing muscle, and mouth opening. Final CGS median scores increased after castration (P < 0.001) for both non-restrained (M7 versus M2) and restrained (M6 versus M3) calves, indicating scale responsiveness. Final CGS median scores increased (P < 0.001) when calves were subjected to external factors before castration (M1 [baseline] versus M2 and M3). However, there was no difference (P > 0.05) in CGS median scores before and after sham castration, regardless of restraint (M3 versus M6, and M2 versus M7), indicating that the external factors may have reached a maximum effect. The CGS is composed of six FAUs, responsive to acute pain and can identify stress unrelated to pain.
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