ArticleFrontiers in immunology2024
Tertiary lymphoid structures and B-cell infiltration are IPF features with functional consequences.
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers.
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Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed.
- Collaborative functionality between three types of inflammation in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.Nature immunology · 2026Review
- Immunological mechanisms and therapeutic approaches in pulmonary fibrosis.European respiratory review : an official journal of the European Respiratory Society · 2026Review
- Tweaking the Complex Fibrogenic Role of Lymphocytes in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis.Tuberculosis and respiratory diseases · 2026Article
- B and T cells in lung tissue are associated with smoking and forced vital capacity in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and familial pulmonary fibrosis.Respiratory research · 2026Article
- Spatial transcriptomics reveals altered communities and drivers of aberrant epithelia and pro-fibrotic fibroblasts in interstitial lung diseases.Cell genomics · 2026Article
- The role of immune cell crosstalk and signaling pathways in the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis.Molecular biology reports · 2026Review
- Multi-omics integration and machine learning reveal gut-immune signatures in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: insights from bulk RNA-seq, single-cell profiles, spatial transcriptomics, and experimental validation.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- The immune dysregulation of fibrosis: insights into immune-fibrotic crosstalk and potential therapeutic targets.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- TDO2-Associated Tryptophan Metabolism Correlates with Impaired Tertiary Lymphoid Structure Maturation and Reduced B Cell Class Switching in Breast Cancer.Oncology research · 2026Article
- The cGAS-STING pathway in pulmonary infectious and sterile inflammation: differences, connections, and therapeutic implications.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Inflammation and Immune Dysregulation Across Respiratory Diseases: From Cellular Mechanisms to Therapeutic Targets.Journal of inflammation research · 2026Review
- Protein kinase Cι dictates tumor trajectory, cell plasticity, and immune surveillance in lung adenocarcinoma.Cell reports · 2025Article
- Distinct lung functional, histological and cell senescence signatures in the single and repetitive bleomycin mouse models of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.Physiological reports · 2025Article
- Developing an IPF Prognostic Model and Screening for Key Genes Based on Cold Exposure-Related Genes Using Bioinformatics Approaches.Biomedicines · 2025Article
- Immunobiology of pulmonary fibrosis.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Breaking the cycle: should we target inflammation, fibrosis, or both?Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- The immune mechanisms of acute exacerbations of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- Interstitial lung diseases with concomitant lung cancer: a data mining approach revealing a complex condition with gender- and immune-associated specific implications.Frontiers in oncology · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
16 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Recent literature has shown the presence of B cells and autoantibodies in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) which would imply the presence of tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS, sites where the immune response is triggered), yet TLS are not considered features of the histological characteristics of IPF. Aim: This study aims to quantify the presence, size, and degree of activation of TLS in biopsied and explanted lungs from patients with early- and late-IPF, never treated with antifibrotics, and relate their presence and activity to the clinical course, disease progression, and lung inflammation. Methods: Immunohistochestry for B cells and CD4, CD8, and CD45 cells was performed in lung tissue from IPF patients: 18 at diagnosis (early), 39 explanted (end-stage), and 12 smoking controls. TLS activation was assessed by CD40 expression. Spirometry along 31 (12-72) months of follow-up was used to characterize end-stage IPF as slow progressors or rapid progressors. Results: B cells, along with other inflammatory cells, were higher in early- and end-stage IPF than in controls ( Conclusions: A prominent B-cell infiltration, along with the presence of TLS, the activity of which correlates with FVC decline, is an important component of IPF from the beginning of the disease, likely playing an important role on its mechanism and progression.
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