ArticleViruses2024
Protoporphyrin IX-Dependent Antiviral Effects of 5-Aminolevulinic Acid against Feline Coronavirus Type II.
Article in Viruses, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Article
- Molnupiravir Inhibits Replication of MultiplePathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
5-Aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA), a non-proteinogenic amino acid, is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of heme and exerts antiviral effects against feline coronavirus (FCoV); however, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In the biosynthesis of heme, 5-ALA is condensed and converted to protoporphyrin IX (PpIX), which is then transformed into heme by the insertion of ferrous iron. Previous research has suggested that the metabolites generated during heme biosynthesis contribute to the antiviral effects of 5-ALA. Therefore, the present study investigated the in vitro mechanisms responsible for the antiviral effects of 5-ALA. The results obtained revealed that 5-ALA and PpIX both effectively reduced the viral titer in the supernatant of FCoV-infected fcwf-4 cells. Moreover, PpIX exerted virucidal effects against FCoV. We also confirmed that 5-ALA increased PpIX levels in cells. While hemin induced heme oxygenase-1 gene expression, it did not reduce the viral titer in the supernatant. Sodium ferrous citrate decreased PpIX levels and suppressed the antiviral effects of 5-ALA. Collectively, these results suggest that the antiviral effects of 5-ALA against FCoV are dependent on PpIX.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.