ReviewLife (Basel, Switzerland)2024
Immunogenicity of Botulinum Toxin Type A in Different Clinical and Cosmetic Treatment, a Literature Review.
Review in Life (Basel, Switzerland), 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed.
- Benefits of Incobotulinumtoxin A in Pain, Spasticity and Functionality-A 5 Years Review.Toxins · 2026Article
- Clostridium botulinum serotype B: microbial genetics, toxin biosynthesis, current applications, and future prospects.Archives of microbiology · 2025Review
- The Effects of Whole-Body Vibration on Spasticity in Stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- Engineered Exosomes Complexed with Botulinum Toxin Type A for Enhanced Anti-Aging Effects on Skin.Biology · 2025Article
- Botulinum Toxin Therapy: A Comprehensive Review on Clinical and Pharmacological Insights.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundBotulinum toxin type A is widely utilized for both therapeutic and aesthetic purposes, yet concerns regarding its immunogenicity have raised issues related to treatment failure and adverse reactions.
objectiveThis review aims to evaluate the immunogenicity of commercially available botulinum toxin type A products across various clinical indications and identify the risk factors associated with antibody formation.
methodsA comprehensive search of electronic databases was conducted to find studies that investigated the immunogenicity of botulinum toxin type A in patients treated for different conditions. The studies were classified based on the Oxford Center for Evidence-Based Medicine's evidence hierarchy.
resultsThe overall incidence of neutralizing antibody formation with botulinum toxin type A treatment is relatively low. However, it varies depending on the indication and is influenced by factors such as the frequency of injections and the cumulative dose. The total cumulative dose and the number of treatment cycles are critical factors in determining the risk of developing antibodies against botulinum toxin type A.
conclusionThis literature review highlights that the immunogenicity of botulinum toxin type A products differs across indications, with repeated injections posing a significant risk for the formation of neutralizing antibodies. The findings underscore the need for further research to better understand antibody formation mechanisms and to develop strategies that minimize their impact on treatment efficacy.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.