ReviewBiomedicines2024
Ketamine, Esketamine, and Arketamine: Their Mechanisms of Action and Applications in the Treatment of Depression and Alleviation of Depressive Symptoms.
Review in Biomedicines, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 30 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
30 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Effects of Esketamine on Emergence Delirium in Children Undergoing Sevoflurane Anesthesia: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Trial Sequential Analysis.Paediatric anaesthesia · 2026Pooled it
- Subanesthetic S-ketamine prevents postoperative delirium and reduces inflammatory cytokines in older patients receiving hip fracture surgery: a randomized, controlled study.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2026Trial
- Esketamine Optimized the Efficacy of Dexmedetomidine in Treating Sleep Disorders with Comorbid Depression.Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment · 2025Trial
- Review
- Esketamine Use and Attempted Suicide or Intentional Self-Harm Among Individuals with Treatment-Resistant Depression: A Retrospective Cohort Study.Drug safety · 2026Article
- The role of esketamine in enhancing postoperative recovery and pain management in laparoscopic surgery: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.European journal of anaesthesiology and intensive care · 2026Review
- Neuroscientific Basis of Ketamine as an Analgesic and Emerging Role in the Management of Depression.Current pain and headache reports · 2026Review
- Ketamine or Esketamine in Special Populations of Patients With Treatment-Resistant Depression.Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research · 2026Review
- Ketamine reduces microglial activation and brain monocyte infiltration and promotes peripheral regulatory immune cells, relieving lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced depressive-like behavior in mice.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Article
- Problems associated with the ATC system of drug classification.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2026Article
- Oxidative Stress in Treatment-Resistant and Refractory Depression: A Hidden Therapeutic Target?Molecular neurobiology · 2026Review
- Ketamine Use for ED Sedation: Pharmacologic Basis, Clinical Applications, and Safety Considerations.Cureus · 2026Review
- Long-term effectiveness and side-effects of intranasal esketamine in treatment-resistant depression: real-world, single-arm study of over 100 sessions.BJPsych open · 2026Article
- Transforming treatment-resistant depression (TRD) care in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries: a narrative review of emerging therapies, advancements, and implementation barriers.Annals of general psychiatry · 2026Review
- Intranasal (R)-ketamine modulates depression symptom and neurotransmitters-associated human brain connectivity.Neurotherapeutics : the journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics · 2026Article
- Esketamine as an Adjuvant to Levobupivacaine in Thoracic Paravertebral Block for Thoracoscopic Lung Cancer Surgery: A Retrospective Propensity Score-Matched Cohort Study.Journal of pain research · 2026Article
- Clinical research progress of esketamine in perioperative neuroprotection: from mechanisms to therapeutic neuroprotection.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Review
- Single low-dose esketamine improves postpartum depression symptoms and recovery quality in cesarean section women.American journal of translational research · 2026Article
- Progress in the Application of Esketamine During the Perioperative Period.Drug design, development and therapy · 2026Review
- Effectiveness of Intranasal Esketamine on Suicidal Ideation and Depressive Symptoms in Patients with Treatment-Resistant Depression: A Longitudinal Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Research over the past years has compared the enantiomers (S)-ketamine (esketamine) and (R)-ketamine (arketamine) of the previously known racemic mixture called ketamine (R/S-ketamine). Esketamine has been found to be more potent, offering three times stronger analgesic effects and 1.5 times greater anesthetic efficacy than arketamine. It provides smoother anesthesia with fewer side effects and is widely used in clinical settings due to its neuroprotective, bronchodilatory, and antiepileptic properties. Approved by the FDA and EMA in 2019, esketamine is currently used alongside SSRIs or SNRIs for treatment-resistant depression (TRD). On the other hand, arketamine has shown potential for treating neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and multiple sclerosis, offering possible antidepressant effects and anti-inflammatory benefits. While esketamine is already in clinical use, arketamine's future depends on further research to address its safety, efficacy, and optimal dosing. Both enantiomers hold significant clinical value, with esketamine excelling in anesthesia, and arketamine showing promise in neurological and psychiatric treatments.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.