ArticleParasites & vectors2024
High PD-1 and CTLA-4 expression correlates with host immune suppression in patients and a mouse model infected with Echinococcus multilocularis.
Article in Parasites & vectors, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed.
- Polarization of Hepatic Macrophages in Alveolar Echinococcosis and Its Role in Remodeling the Immune Microenvironment.Tropical medicine and infectious disease · 2026Review
- CCR8 orchestrates an immunosuppressive niche in the liver to promote Echinococcus multilocularis infection.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2026Article
- LAG3 constrains anti-parasitic response by effector CD4Parasites & vectors · 2026Article
- Cancer in disguise: a parasite within.The EMBO journal · 2026Review
- PD-L1Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Risk factors for local lymph node metastasis in hepatic alveolar echinococcosis: a 10-year retrospective cohort study.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Article
- Efficacy and safety of pseudolaric acid B againstFrontiers in medicine · 2025Article
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Funding
Abstract
backgroundAlveolar echinococcosis (AE), a fatal disease caused by Echinococcus multilocularis, often affects the liver, with tumor-like growth. However, the mechanism by which E. multilocularis evades host immune surveillance remains unclear.
methodsWe collected liver specimens from hepatic alveolar echinococcosis (HAE) patients and established a mouse model of E. multilocularis infection. Immunofluorescence staining and flow cytometry were performed to analyze programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and cytotoxic T lymphocyte associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) expression in human samples, while flow cytometry and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were performed for similar analyses in mouse samples. Cell proliferation and protoscolex (PSC) killing assays were designed to explore how E. multilocularis induces host immunosuppression.
resultsAn inflammatory reaction band with high PD-1 and CTLA-4 expression was found in close liver tissue (CLT). The ratio of regulatory T cells (Tregs) was higher in CLT than in distant liver tissue (DLT), and Tregs in CLT tended to express higher levels of PD-1 and CTLA-4 than those in DLT from HAE patients. Echinococcus multilocularis-infected mice showed significantly elevated expression of PD-1 and CTLA-4 on splenocytes and peritoneal cells. PD-1/PD-L1 or CTLA-4 pathway blockade could relieve the immunosuppressive effects of Tregs from infected mice and enhance PSC killing by mouse splenocytes.
conclusionsE. multilocularis regulated the function of T cells via the PD-1/PD-L1- and CTLA-4-dependent pathways and subsequently evaded host immune attacks. These findings provide insights for investigating the pathogenic mechanism of AE.
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