Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39453605›Full record

ArticleJournal of racial and ethnic health disparities2025

Sex, Racial/Ethnic, and Regional Disparities in Pulmonary Embolism Mortality Trends in the USA, 1999-2020.

Greta Muriel Eikermann, Christopher Tam, Annika Eyth, Can Martin Ludeke, Aline M Grimme, Tina Ramishvili, Felix Borngaesser, Maira Rudolph, Nicole Aber, Sandra Emily Stoll and 3 more

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Article in Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

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2citing papers in PubMed
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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

13 authors.

Greta Muriel EikermannEthical Culture Fieldston School, New York, NY, USA.
Christopher TamDepartment of Anesthesiology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 111 East 210Th Street, Bronx, NY, USA.
Annika EythDepartment of Anesthesiology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 111 East 210Th Street, Bronx, NY, USA.
Can Martin LudekeDepartment of Anesthesiology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 111 East 210Th Street, Bronx, NY, USA.
Aline M GrimmeDepartment of Anesthesiology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 111 East 210Th Street, Bronx, NY, USA.
Tina RamishviliDepartment of Anesthesiology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 111 East 210Th Street, Bronx, NY, USA.
Felix BorngaesserDepartment of Anesthesiology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 111 East 210Th Street, Bronx, NY, USA.
Maira RudolphDepartment of Anesthesiology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 111 East 210Th Street, Bronx, NY, USA.
Nicole AberDepartment of Anesthesiology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 111 East 210Th Street, Bronx, NY, USA.
Sandra Emily StollDepartment of Anesthesiology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 111 East 210Th Street, Bronx, NY, USA.
Corinne M KyriacouDepartment of Population Health, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, USA.
Fran A Ganz-LordDepartment of Internal Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
Ibraheem M KarayeDepartment of Anesthesiology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 111 East 210Th Street, Bronx, NY, USA. ikaraye@montefiore.org.ORCID 0000-0001-6544-409X

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundWhile the National Institutes of Health emphasize integrating sex as a biological variable into research, specific considerations of sex-related differences in pulmonary embolism (PE) mortality trends remain scarce. This study examines sex-based PE mortality trends across regional and demographic groups in the USA from 1999 to 2020.

methodsA retrospective analysis of National Center for Health Statistics mortality data from 1999 to 2020 was conducted. Using ICD-10 code I26, PE decedents were identified. Piecewise linear regression assessed sex-based temporal trends in PE mortality by age, race/ethnicity, and census region. Annual percentage changes and average annual percentage changes were derived using Weighted Bayesian Information Criteria. The 95% confidence intervals were estimated using the empirical quantile method.

resultsFrom 1999 to 2020, a total of 179,273 individuals died in the USA due to PE, resulting in an age-adjusted mortality rate of 2.5 per 100,000 persons (95% CI, 2.5-2.5). While men and women exhibited comparable rates in recent time segments and across most subcategories, a higher mortality trend among males compared to females was observed among non-Hispanic White and Hispanic individuals and residents of the Western US census region. These results remained robust even after excluding data from 2020, accounting for the potential impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.

conclusionsOur study highlights sex-based disparities in PE mortality trends in the USA from 1999 to 2020. Despite overall stable mortality rates, higher trends among males were evident in specific demographic groups and regions. These findings emphasize the importance of targeted interventions to mitigate PE-related mortality discrepancies across diverse populations.

Indexed as

EthnicityHealth Status DisparitiesPulmonary EmbolismRacial GroupsAdultAgedAged, 80 and overFemaleHumansMaleMiddle AgedMortalityRetrospective StudiesSex FactorsUnited StatesYoung AdultDifferencesEquityMortalityPulmonary embolismSex as a biological variableSex disparityThrombosis

Identifiers

PMID39453605
PMCPMC12644174

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.