SynthesisEuropean spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society2025
Incidence of and risk factors for lumbar disc herniation with radiculopathy in adults: a systematic review.
Synthesis in European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT07646379 (Effects of Spinal Mobilization With Leg Movement With and Without Neural Flossing Technique on Pain, Disability, and Range of Motion in Patients With Lumbar Radiculopathy), which is not on this map. Cited by 47 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Effects of Spinal Mobilization With Leg Movement With and Without Neural Flossing Technique on Pain, Disability, and Range of Motion in Patients With Lumbar Radiculopathy
Who cites it
47 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Objectively measured physical activity following lumbar decompression surgery: systematic review and meta-analysis.Scientific reports · 2026Pooled it
- The implications of surgery on sexual dysfunction in patients with lumbar disc herniation with cauda equina syndrome: a systematic review.BMC musculoskeletal disorders · 2025Pooled it
- Therapeutic interventions of platelet-rich plasma versus corticosteroid injections for lumbar radicular pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research · 2025Pooled it
- Evaluation of a multifunctional traction device for lumbar disc herniation: a prospective randomized controlled study using magnetic resonance imaging and clinical assessment.International orthopaedics · 2026Trial
- Short-Term Effects of Manual Therapy Combined with Functional Magnetic Stimulation in Individuals with Lumbar Disk Herniation with Radiculopathy: A Randomized Clinical Trial.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Trial
- Clinical efficacy of a Chinese herbal gel plaster combined with manipulation for lumbar disc herniation: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Trial
- Use of methylene blue discography in transforaminal endoscopic discectomy for cranially migrated lumbar disc herniation: A case report.Radiology case reports · 2026Article
- Anatomy of the basivertebral nerve and its implications in the vertebrogenic pain. Systematic review and mapping of evidence.European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society · 2026Review
- Arginase 1 as a candidate immune-metabolic biomarker in lumbar disc herniation: integrated bioinformatics, experimental validation, and clinical evidence.Journal of molecular histology · 2026Article
- Barriers to AI-supported health management among older adults with chronic orthopedic conditions in China: implications for healthcare delivery and access.BMC health services research · 2026Article
- Risk factors for residual low back pain at twelve months after low-temperature plasma radiofrequency ablation in lumbar disc herniation: a retrospective cohort study.International orthopaedics · 2026Article
- Beyond Structural Pathology: Central Sensitization and Chronic Pain with Reference to Lumbar Disc Herniation-A Narrative Review.Brain sciences · 2026Review
- More pronounced effects of the extent of discectomy over the extent of laminectomy on postoperative biomechanics and clinical outcomes in unilateral biportal endoscopy for lumbar disc herniation.Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research · 2026Article
- [Lumbar Disc Herniation: What's New in Surgical Treatment].Revista brasileira de ortopedia · 2026Article
- Lumbar Disc Herniation: What's New in Surgical Treatment.Revista brasileira de ortopedia · 2026Article
- Impact of Unilateral Sciatica Due to Lumbar Disc Hernia on Gait.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Mid- to Long-Term Clinical Outcomes After Lumbar Microdiscectomy in Adolescent Patients: A Descriptive Study.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Sagittal Posture Parameters of the Spine and Exposure to Awkward Postures in Mattress Manufacture Workers: An Analytical Cross-Sectional Study.Journal of functional morphology and kinesiology · 2026Article
- [Comparison of effectiveness between visualized reamer foraminoplasty and transforaminal endoscopic spine system technique in transforminal endoscopic lumbar discectomy for lumbar disc herniation].Zhongguo xiu fu chong jian wai ke za zhi = Zhongguo xiufu chongjian waike zazhi = Chinese journal of reparative and reconstructive surgery · 2026Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundLumbar disc herniation (LDH) with radiculopathy is associated with greater pain, disability, healthcare use, and costs compared with nonspecific low back pain. Reliable information about its incidence and risk factors were lacking. QUESTIONS: (1) What is the incidence of lumbar disc herniation (LDH) with radiculopathy in adults? (2) What are the risk factors for LDH with radiculopathy in adults?
methodsSystematic review. We searched five electronic databases from 1970 to September 2023. Eligible cohort and case-control studies were identified and independently assessed for risk of bias. A qualitative best evidence synthesis of low and moderate risk of bias studies was conducted.
resultsWe critically reviewed 87 studies and synthesised data from 59 (68%) studies; 12 were of low and 47 of moderate risk of bias. The lower and upper bound limits of the 95% CIs of annual incidence estimates ranged from 0.3 to 2.7 per 1000 persons for surgical case definitions, from 0.04 to 1.5 per 1,000 persons for hospital-based case definitions, and from 0.1 to 298.3 per 1,000 persons for clinical case definitions. Factors associated with the development of LDH with radiculopathy included middle-age (30-50 years), smoking, higher BMI, presence of cardiovascular risk factors (in women), and greater cumulative occupational lumbar load by forward bending postures and manual materials handling, with effect sizes ranging from ranging from 1.1 (1.0-1.3) to 3.7 (2.3-6.0).
conclusionsIncidence of LDH varies in different populations and according to case definition. Risk factors include individual, behavioural, and work-related variables. Our findings support the need to develop standardised case definitions that validly classify the clinical spectrum of LDH and for future low risk of bias studies examining causal relationships for LDH with radiculopathy in adults.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.