SynthesisBMC infectious diseases2024
Nasopharyngeal carriage rate, antimicrobial susceptibility pattern, and associated risk factors of Streptococcus pneumoniae among children in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in BMC infectious diseases, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Cell wall-inhibiting antibiotics resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae causing invasive diseases: a global systematic review and meta-analysis in pediatric populations.Italian journal of pediatrics · 2025Pooled it
- Clinical and laboratory features of pediatric Mycoplasma pneumoniae Pneumonia with viral versus bacterial co-infection.Italian journal of pediatrics · 2026Article
- Distribution ofVaccines · 2026Review
- Impact of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine Immunization on Nasopharyngeal Carriage ofOpen forum infectious diseases · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundNasopharyngeal carriage of S. pneumoniae is a global health problem that has been associated with the emergence of severe disease and pathogen dissemination in the community. However, summary data on the carriage rate, antimicrobial susceptibility profile, and determinant factors is lacking.
methodArticles were extensively searched in bibliographic databases and gray literature using entry terms or phrases. Studies meeting eligibility criteria were extracted in MS Excel and exported to STATA version 17 software for statistical analysis. A random-effects model was used to compute the pooled magnitude of the nasal carriage of S. pneumoniae and its multidrug resistance. The heterogeneity was quantified by using the I
resultOf the 146 studies identified, 8 studies containing a total of 3223 children were selected for meta-analysis of the magnitude of the nasal carriage of S. pneumoniae and its multidrug resistance. The overall pooled prevalence of nasal carriage of S. pneumoniae and its MDR status in Ethiopian children was 32.77% (95%CI: 25.1, 40.44). and 31.22% (95%CI: 15.06, 46.84), respectively. The highest resistant pattern of S. pneumoniae was against tetracycline, which was 46.27% (95%CI: 37.75, 54.79), followed by 45.68% (95%CI: 34.43, 57.28) trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, while the least pooled prevalence was against chloramphenicol, which was 16.2% (95%CI: 9.44, 22.95). The pooled effect of age less than 5 years old (pooled OR = 1.97; 95% CI: 1.35, 2.88, P < 0.001), co-sleeping habit with others (pooled OR = 2.36; 95% CI: 1.77, 3.66; P < 0.001), sibling (pooled OR = 1.82; 95% CI: 1.14, 2.91, P = 0.01), history of hospitalization (pooled OR = 4.39; 95% CI: 1.86, 10.34, P = 0.001), and malnutrition (pooled OR = 2.18; 95% CI: 1.49, 3.19; P < 0.001) showed a statistical association with S. pneumoniae nasal carriage rate by using the random effect Sidik-Jonkman model.
conclusionThe magnitude of the nasopharyngeal carriage rate and multi-drug resistance status of S. pneumoniae alarms the need for immediate interventions such as strengthening antimicrobial stewardship programs, undertaking national antimicrobial surveillance, one-health initiatives, and national immunization programs.
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