ArticleBMJ open2024
Major financial problems, low mental well-being and reduced HIV/STI testing among sex workers in the Netherlands during the COVID-19 pandemic: a repeated cross-sectional survey.
Article in BMJ open, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
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2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Experiences and challenges of female sex workers during the COVID-19 pandemic in Iran: a narrative inquiry.BMC women's health · 2026Article
- A quantitative study on female sex workers' mental health in Germany.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
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8 authors.
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Abstract
objectivesTo determine associations between the banning of sex work during the COVID-19 pandemic, and work, financial problems, mental well-being and HIV/sexually transmittable infection (STI) testing among sex workers in the Netherlands.
designTwo cross-sectional online surveys. The first survey covered two time-periods: pre-COVID-19 (1 January 2019 to 31 December 2019) and period 1 (15 March 2020 to 1 July 2020). The second survey covered period 2 (1 January 2021 to 31 December 2021).
settingThe Netherlands
participantsIn total, 106 (first survey) and 196 (second survey) sex workers participated. Most of the participants in the first and second survey were cisgender women (respectively, 76.4% and 66.5%), followed by cisgender men (respectively, 12.3% and 15.7%) and the combination of transgender men, transgender women, non-binary or other (respectively, 11.3% and 17.6%). Most participants were born in the Netherlands (respectively, 61.4% and 69.7%). PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: We provide descriptive statistics of self-reported work during and prior to COVID-19 measures, financial problems due to COVID-19 measures and HIV/STI testing and mental well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic. We also performed logistic and linear regression analyses to identify risk factors associated with reporting financial problems due to COVID-19 measures, not testing for HIV/STIs and lower mental well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic.
resultsIn periods 1 and 2, respectively, 69.6% and 62.0% reported financial problems due to the COVID-19 measures. Among those who reported to have had sex with clients, the percentage not HIV/STI testing was: 4.5% (95% CI: 0.9; 12.5) pre-COVID-19, 28.2% (95% CI: 15.0; 44.9) in period 1, and 15.2% (95% CI: 9.7; 22.3) in period 2. In the multivariate analysis, reported financial problems due to the COVID-19 pandemic was associated with not HIV/STI testing (OR: 12.1, p<0.001) and lower mental well-being (B: -2.7, p<0.001).
conclusionThe COVID-19 pandemic control measures in the Netherlands were associated with major financial problems, low mental well-being and reduced HIV/STI testing among sex workers.
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